Power and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Force and Politics - Essay Example Other than being spouse of Bill Clinton, Hillary had been a standing Senator for many terms and had made a picture of herself all through the nation through her aspiring fantasy about bringing every single American under a far reaching wellbeing plan. Contrasted with that Obama was a first time Senator who had no political family or genealogy in that capacity or more all, he was shaded and had a Muslim sounding center name and spent his adolescence in far away Eastern nations. The chances were intensely stacked against Obama and genuinely no one was set up to give him a very remarkable possibility in the underlying stages. Be that as it may, Obama and his clarion call â€Å"Yes, we can †¦Ã¢â‚¬  evoked an emotional response among the majority, the hued ones as well as the whole American white collar class and he made history. He got his capacity basically from referent base. Here was a man, similarly as normal as any American, has great training from Ivy League establishments, has a family similarly as most Americans have or more all, has a fantasy to change the sorry situation. The consolidated appeal of every one of these elements was unreasonably hard for normal Americans to be unconcerned with. What's more, the way that he is taught and articulate with a spouse who is similarly instructed and articulate consequently vested in him a specialist power that additional to the immense confidence that Americans rested on him (Mind Tools 2005).

A Report On Sky Diving

A Report On Sky Diving Sky Diving A New Era of Indian Adventure Skydiving is an old and most mainstream sport. It is a redirection from the typical parachuting which was found a few centuries prior. Fundamentally sky plunging is an experience sport wherein the jumper hops from an airplane from in any event an elevation 1500 m. The members experience a free fall and they even do various tricks noticeable all around before they discharge their parachutes and are securely on the ground.â Sky plunging requires normal degrees of wellness. On the off chance that you are in question you can request clinical freedom before setting out for this excursion. The best things about sky plunging is the preferred position you have because of such high elevation. You don't feel any kind of movement infection like you would understanding in the event that you were in an exciting ride. It is the nearest experience people can need to flying. Most mainstream Sky jumping goals on the planet Today skydiving is a dear action the world over. For probably the best sky plunging encounters you should venture to every part of the edges of the world. All things considered here is a rundown of not many spots which give you that total experience that you are searching for. The main goal is Guam which is one of the few pacific islands. The spot is praiseworthy for its across the nation view and blue skies. The perspectives on the islands are phenomenal and unique. Following up of the best destinations is the Swiss Alps. Being a couple thousand meters high over the ground and encompassed by white snow all over the place, decked up in a warm winter coat and bouncing of a plane to skim noticeable all around over the Alps is a life-changing experience.â In summers the perspectives get considerably lovelier with the ice sheets softening and the mid year sun looking fro between the mountains.â So far the best locales are as yet possessed by the nation of kiwis-Australia and its neighbor New Zealand. They are an undertaking sweethearts safe house. Â And why not, on the off chance that you have aeronautical perspective on the Great Barrier Reef and the immense rainforests in the east or the profiles of Queensland or Mission sea shore in the west, Sky Diving in India Skydiving in India started path in 1994 when Agni Aviation advanced sky plunging as a recreational action. Around then individuals were ignorant regarding air sports in India. The primary sky jumping was done in Jakkur close to Bangalore on a 900 meter tarred airstrip.â Since the time Sky plunging has begun at numerous other area in India. On the off chance that we talk about sky plunging and don't discuss Rachael Thomas then the conversations is deficient. Rachael is the first and the main regular citizen sky jumper of India. Her excursion as a sky jumper started in the year 1979 after she pursued sky plunging exercises with a French lady. Â Since then she has had a record of in excess of 700 bounces taking all things together. It has been over 25 years now and she has won a few awards for her spells. She is the victor of Padma Shri for having a fruitful sky plunging profession of over 25 years. She is likewise the principal Indian to get a national Adventure Award in 1994 which is a likeness Arjuna Award. She is giving a valiant effort to advance sky jumping society in India. She has likewise begun Women Sky Divers of India group which advances sky jumping among ladies. This establishment is en route to turns it dreams of being the main skydiving regular citizen school of India into the real world.

A Research Proposal on the Role of the Chief Executive Officer Essay

Questions One of the serious issues in business is the thought of whether organizations ought to be worried about different issues than productivity. Adam Smith in 1863 guaranteed that the way toward accomplishing the general useful for the general public is something that will happen definitely happen in view of his concept of the undetectable hand of the market. Nonetheless, increasingly contemporary thoughts attest in any case as they accepted that there are various conditions that would prevent the imperceptible hand to work successfully (Mohr and Webb, 2002). The idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is profoundly established on the dedication of associations to proceed with their business in a moral way. It is in this regard associations are said to fundamentally add to the general financial improvement of one’s nation while simultaneously improving the personal satisfaction of its representatives and its families as well as the general public where it had a place (Watts and Holme, 1999). One of the focal worries as to the need of the execution of CSR by a specific association is the effect of a specific company’s choices and activities inside the general public along with their duty in the previously mentioned. As such this implies while adjusting certain hierarchical objectives or undertakings, it would be better if associations will assess first their activities and ensure that they are in understanding to the government assistance of more noteworthy's benefit (Parsons, 1954). Accordingly, the effect of an organization’s choice inside the general public is essential in CSR. It ought to be accentuated too that an organization’s obligation should traverse more than the monetary and legitimate viewpoints yet in addition accept the benefit of the larger part. Archie Carroll said that an organization’s social duty is something that incorporates the exchange of four significant variables. These are monetary execution, adherence with the law, moral obligation, great corporate citizenship, and improving the society’s personal satisfaction (Carrol and Buchholtz, 2003). Anyway in spite of companies’ guarantee for CSR execution, countless proof tells that consistently, there are various organizations that are charged for disregarding ecological laws (Kassinis and Panayiotou, 2006, p. 68). Issues The achievement of a company’s CSR and the its impact on the company’s picture has been seen by various examinations to be legitimately associated on the job of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (PR News, 2007). It has been said by Kassinis and Panayiotou (2006) that the job of the CEO is fundamental since they are the ones who are basically liable for the board’s choice administration capacities and the even the degree of corporate bad behavior. The translation of the CEO regarding different ecological issues that could have influence their organizations and its decision of natural procedures have additionally a critical ramifications on the general picture and execution of a specific organization. Studies, for example, those directed by PR News Wire in 2008 guaranteed that to have a place with Fortune’s World’s Most Admired Companies, the CEO’s job along with their ability to make a technique or recruit explicit specialists who can successfully deal with CSR concerns, for example, employing a serious Chief Communications Officer (CCO,) is exceptionally indispensable. Organizations which have a place with Fortune’s yearly honors are regularly assessed dependent on their notoriety. As per PR News in 2007, it is frequently the situation that CEOs are the ones who are considered responsible as far as the inability to ensure the organization picture in at whatever point an emergency emerges. The investigation of PR News uncovered that in out of 950 worldwide business administrators in 11 nations, 68% of the outcomes credited deceptive conduct to the CEO, and 60% refered to natural infringement and item reviews to the CEO also. The impact of the impression of different partners, controllers, networks and representatives has been seen by Kassinis and Panayiotou (2006) as basic to the government assistance of the firm as they are midway engaged with implementing the laws and different strategies that organizations must cling to. Figure 1: Relationship Between CSR and Stakeholders Source: Tokoro (2007) The figure above shows the immediate relationship of partners to CSR regarding the limitations that they force, the asset bargains that they pass and the general worth production of the association. Hole in Research Regardless of whether the case on the job of CEOs as far as managing issues of CSR and organization notoriety, different examinations proposes that CSR methodologies and approaches are rather assigned to the investors (Kassinis and Panayiotou, 2006, p. 67). It is frequently the situation that the requests of the investors are as a rule in strife with the enthusiasm of clients, providers, governments, associations, contenders, nearby networks, and the overall population (Sims, 2003, p. 40). The table underneath shows a review of view of Table 1: Stakeholders View of Corporate Responsibility Partners Nature of Stakeholder Claim Investors Participation in conveyance of benefits, extra stock contributions, resources on liquidation; vote of stock; review of organization books; move of stock; appointment of directorate; and such extra rights as have been set up in the agreement with the enterprise. Representatives Economic, social, and mental fulfillment in the work environment. Opportunity from self-assertive and eccentric conduct with respect to organization authorities. Offer in incidental advantages, opportunity to join association and take part in aggregate haggling, singular opportunity in presenting their administrations through a business contract. Satisfactory working conditions. Clients Service gave the item; specialized information to utilize the item; appropriate guarantees; save parts to help the item during use; R&D prompting item improvement; assistance of credit. Loan bosses Legal extent of premium installments due and return of head from the speculation. Security of vowed resources; relative need in occasion of liquidation. The executives and proprietor privileges if certain conditions exist with the organization, (for example, default of intrigue installments). Providers Continuing wellspring of business; auspicious fulfillment of exchange credit commitments; proficient relationship in contracting for, buying, and getting products and ventures. Associations Recognition as the arranging specialist for representatives. Chance to sustain the association as a member in the business association. Contenders Observation of the standards of serious direct settled by society and the business. Business diplomacy with respect to peers. Governments Taxes (pay, property, etc); adherence exactly and expectation of open arrangement managing the necessities of reasonable and free rivalry; release of legitimate commitments of specialists (and business associations); adherence to antitrust laws. Neighborhood people group Place of gainful and invigorating condition in the network. Cooperation of organization authorities in network undertakings, arrangement of ordinary work, reasonable play, sensible segment of buys made in the neighborhood network, enthusiasm for and backing of nearby government, backing of social and altruistic tasks. The overall population Participation in and commitment to society all in all; imaginative correspondences among administrative and specialty units intended for complementary comprehension; suspicion of reasonable extent of the weight of government and society. Reasonable cost for items and headway of the cutting edge innovation that the product offering includes. Source: Sims, 2003, p. 41 For example, shoppers expect that the organization ought to have the option to do their business in a dependable way; then again, partners expect that their ventures would be returned. In different cases, clients are looking forward an arrival on what they paid for, while providers search for reliable purchasers. The legislature needed organizations to follow enactments, while associations look for benefits for their individuals. The contenders, anticipated that organizations should do their business in a reasonable way and neighborhood networks needed the previously mentioned to be mindful residents. At long last, the overall population anticipates that associations should improve the over all nature of human life, while investors may see this recommendation as idealistic (Sims, 2003). The figure beneath shows the elements of partner connections. Figure 2: Value Creation Through Dialog with Stakeholders Source: Tokoro (2007) Thusly, it is in this regard one might say that CEOs and a specific company’s responsiveness to the requests of CSR and in the end making a solid picture is something couldn't be the sole deciding element for a fruitful CSR. Rather, the subject of whether CEOs are just actualizing the requests of the company’s partners, or the CEOs just taking care of purchaser, providers, government, network and overall population request ought to likewise be taken into close thought. Lack As most explores regularly characteristic the achievement or disappointment of a CSR technique to the CEO, the job and impact of different partners in the association are not frequently seen as huge factors deserving of thought. Just latest inquires about are fundamentally ascribing partner jobs as far as its relationship to CSR. Yet, based from the researcher’s review of different optional information, there are not really any strong written works expressing the impact of partners to the CEO and in the end the latter’s choice on the best way to actualize its CSR program. Reason The examination is indispensable so as to not just add to the current investigations on the job of CEOs and an effective CSR program; yet in addition to additionally reinforce the case on the relationship of CSR and a positive organization picture. All the more significantly, unobtrusive components tha

The black cat essays

The dark feline articles The Black Cat The fall of the House of Usher In his first sentence he composes that he needs to recount to his story for the most wild yet most simple stories. He neither expect nor request conviction. It establishes the pace on whether you need to accept what he is going to state. He discusses family unit occasions that happen and he doesnt need to clarify them, however he goes into everything about the occasions that lead to his capture. His first experience with a dark feline which in certain societies is representative of malevolent or sinister is the exact inverse in the first place. He even names the dark feline Pluto which is the Roman God of the black market. He has a fellowship with the creature that goes on for quite a while. During that time he takes care of it and the dark feline pursues him all around the house and even tails him when he is strolling down the road. He utilizes the reason of being a drunkard as the motivation behind why he abused his pets. His demeanor went from glad to surly, fractious and all the more paying little heed to sentiments of others. Which just can be added to his extreme drinking? His pets and his better half were caused to feel the brunt of his personality. The dark feline was the one in particular who was not abused. In any case, that was soon to change. Since during one of his gin-sustained frequents about town, after showing up home he liked that the dark feline maintained a strategic distance from his quality. ... <! The Black Cat papers In writing, incongruity is a colossally significant feature of anecdotal work. Incongruity includes a differentiation or error between a certain something and another. The difference might be between what is said what's more, what is implied or between what occurs and what is intended to occur. In Edgar Allan Poe's The Black Cat, Poe exhibits incongruity as in friends and family can extend human feelings what's more, activities past the restrictions of ethical quality. The incongruities in Edgar Allan Poe's accounts are out of the blue horrendous. Every one of his accounts end up in a horrendous way. Like some other of Poe's stories, The Black Cat is dim, lamentable and dreamlike. The principle character changes from a well mannered, empathetic man into a psychopathic killer. These unexpected components of The Black Cat joined with the writer's evil style of composing make for an energizing story with significant turns and potential answers of strange notion. Operating at a profit Cat, no names are referenced. This is most likely on the grounds that they are not fundamental for the plot in the story, for just the occasions are essential to the story's motivation. The Black Cat is an unfeeling, but then maniacal story. The plot's principle center is a first individual storyteller who depicts his horrendous activities as a progression of insignificant family unit occasions , that as a result were, however the results of these minor family unit occasions were not at all immaterial. One day the principle character got back home alcoholic, and submitted a terrifying deed. He had taken the family feline and hauled one of its eye's out. At the point when he woke up and acknowledged what he had done he felt awful. The feline maintained a strategic distance from him for a while, yet at the same time approached the house as common. Significantly subsequent to feeling a lot of regret over taking his eye out, he by one way or another was not fulfilled enough so he killed the feline by balancing it on a tree. Be that as it may, the feline returned to life after a fire torched his home. It was a similar feline however with one disparity, a white line of hair... <!

How to Learn a Second Language Fast - with Mind Maps

How to Learn a Second Language Fast - with Mind Maps In this article were going to show you how mind mapping science can help you learn a second language and memorize all its rules and vocabulary effectively. First, lets take a look at what mind mapping is, and why this format works so well for memorizing information long-term. (If youre already familiar with the basics of mind mapping, feel free to skip this part and go straight to point 3.) Looking for even more ways to use mind maps? Get inspired with these 13 mind map examples. 1. What Is a Mind Map? A mind map is a diagram that organizes information in a radiant structure around a single central topic or idea. Instead of whole sentences, mind maps consist of keywords, short phrases and images. Mind maps also use colors and different format options to highlight ideas and make the whole map more memorable. 2. The Benefits of Learning with Mind Maps Mind maps  improve memory and learning by helping you  transition from collecting dots to connecting dots. By embedding individual pieces of information in a larger context and showing their relationships with other pieces, mind maps help you assign meaning to them  while you learn, and connect them to your network of existing knowledge. This  process helps you to truly internalize and memorize new information long-term. But thats not all. There is  a whole range of properties that make mind maps  superior to traditional note taking techniques: Mental triggers: The colors and images used in mind maps are easier for our brain to remember than mere text. Filtering of key information:  Mind maps help separate key concepts from fluff. Scaffolding of knowledge: Mind maps provide space for both  breadth and depth, the big picture and its details. Analysis and synthesis: Mind maps let you break down information into parts and combine them into a new whole. Flexibility:  Digital maps let you move and rearrange pieces of information  freely. 3. How to Effectively Memorize Vocabulary with Mind Maps When you first start learning a second language, one of the biggest challenges is getting all the vocabulary down. You might not need to know thousands of words to get a basic conversation going, but if you want to become fluent in a foreign language, theres no way around memorizing a lot of new words. You might be familiar with this kind of vocabulary notebook, which is widely used in schools to this day: In this kind of notebook, students simply add new words as they learn them, noting down their phonetic pronunciation as well as their translation in a three-column layout. So whats wrong with this format? There are two big problems with notebooks like this. First of all, the pages are incredibly boring and monotonous. There are no colors to emphasize things and no icons or pictures to help our brains remember. This makes it much harder for the learner to memorize the vocabulary. The second problem is that this linear note-taking format makes it impossible to create themed collections of words (such as food, clothing, pleasantries or cognates) and add to these collections whenever you learn a new word. Instead, your pages are filled with lists of mostly unrelated words, with no way for you to make out any connections or relationships between them. Why mind maps work better Mind maps â€" and especially digital ones â€" provide a much more practical approach for dealing with large quantities of vocabulary, as you can easily create themed collections and add new words to them wherever they thematically fit. Their radiant structure perfectly reflects the networks that form in our brain to connect individual ideas with each other. Learn faster with mind mapping! Discover MindMeister Discover MindMeister Digital and online mind mapping software such as MindMeister also  enables you to store more detailed  information about words in the form of notes and links without cluttering up the map itself. This is a great way to add sample sentences, definitions, synonyms, pronunciation tips, mnemonics or audio recordings of a  word. MindMeister is  perfect for grouping vocabulary into topics that make sense for individual students. It’s also a simple way to make notes of grammar, pronunciation etc. for students who learn better visually. â€" Lindsay Williams, from  Lindsay Does Languages How to Create Themed Vocabulary Mind Maps Step 1. Create a mind map for your vocabulary and add topics for each category, like “Food”, “Clothing”, “Directions”, “Shopping” and so on. This map will function as your index map. Step 2. Create a new sub map for each category and link back and forth between the sub map and the respective topic in your index map. Right-click on the topic in your index map, choose “Tools” and then “Create as Map”. This way, your new map will automatically be linked to the index map, and you can click on the small arrow icons that appear in the topics to quickly jump back and forth. Step 3. Create a basic structure in your sub maps. In your “Food” map, you  could start by adding branches for the different kinds of food, such as  â€œFruit”, “Vegetables”, “Sweets” and so on. Step 4.  Now its time to fill your map with  vocabulary. Start by adding the words in your native language, then write the translation in a sub  topic  next to it. Add a memorable  picture or icon to the translation whenever possible. This will help you remember the translation more easily. Additionally, you can enrich your map by adding associations to each word as well as an example sentence. The more context you provide for the individual words, the easier it will be for your brain to remember them. Add the phonetic pronunciation and any other relevant explanations as a note to the translation. This way, you can view the information at will, but it wont clutter up the map itself. Use the WunderBild feature to quickly add matching pictures  from Google Images to your vocabulary. This is also a great way to learn how the words are being used in real context, as the images are taken from real websites in your target language. Heres an interactive version of our  whole German Food Vocabulary mind map you can zoom in, open and close branches, and click on the text icons inside the topics to view attached notes. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit German Food Vocabulary on MindMeister. 4. How to Memorize Grammar Rules with Mind Maps Memorizing all the grammar rules of a foreign  language can be quite the challenge. To form correct and coherent sentences in real-time (as is necessary during a live conversation) you have to truly internalize the rules to the point where you can retrieve them without thinking. Mind maps are a great format to collect all grammar rules in a central place. The biggest advantage of such grammar maps is the clear overview and structure they offer.  Using grammar mind maps, you will be able to view all rules, exceptions and examples related to a specific topic at a glance. And just like we saw in the vocabulary mind maps above, youll be able to add links to the branches in your map, connecting them to other,  related  mind maps youve created. This way, you can create a big network of mind maps, such as the following: Here are a few examples of individual grammar maps. The first one below offers an overview of the present tense and present perfect tense in English: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit English Tenses: Present on MindMeister. The next example is a mind map about the different types of nouns in the English language. Note that each branch offers a definition of the noun type as well as examples. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Nouns on MindMeister. Tips for Studying with Grammar Maps 1. Open and close branches Studies have found that practice testing is one of the most effective study techniques. A good way to test yourself is to hide individual grammar rules in your map and see if you can already recount them from memory. To do this, simply select a topic in your map and press the SPACE key. This will hide all subtopics of this topic. To view the subtopics and see if you remembered them correctly, just press SPACE one more time. 2. Print your maps If you’re using mind mapping software, a good idea is to additionally print your maps and hang them on the wall somewhere in your apartment where you spend a lot of time. The bathroom door is a good place, as is the wall next to your bed or the place on the left of your computer screen. Every time you see the map, even if you only look at it accidentally, the image will burn itself into your memory a little deeper. 3. Create flashcards You can easily turn your mind maps into flashcards and print them out in a format you can comfortable hold in your hands. To do this, open MindMeisters presentation mode and create slides by holding down the CMD key (or CTRL, if youre on Windows) and click-dragging your cursor over individual topics in the map. Click on Export and select Archive of Image Files. This will create a Zip folder with all slides in PNG format, which you can then easily print out. So this is how mind maps can help you learn a second language fast and effectively.  If you havent done it yet, create your free MindMeister account now and start  mapping! Learn a Second Language Fast Start Mind Mapping Start Mind Mapping

Iago Influential Villain or Powerless Character of Fiction - Literature Essay Samples

In William Shakespeares Othello, the deceptive Iago weaves an intricate web of lies with which he enmeshes Othello alongside his many other victims. His manipulation of other characters, machinations that serve as the driving force behind the plot, and sly staging of various scenes in the play not only establish him as the plays beguiling villain, but also reveal that he performs the roles of the plays surrogate playwright, director, and prompter. Whereas Shakespeares use of theatrical language highlights Iagos multiple theatrical roles and influence in the play, the resulting dramatic self-reference provides him with an avenue by which he can step outside the plays realm and deceive the audience just as he dupes Othello, Cassio, and himself; thus, Iago reaffirms himself as the plays villain. At the same time, it undermines the appearance of power that Iago possesses because it reinforces that Iago is merely another fictional character in the play that lacks the volition to be abl e to control his future just like all the other characters. A character who rebels against authority, Iago refuses to subjugate himself to another and tries, even when all hope is lost, to reassert his power through silence.Frequently in the play, Iago employs the language characteristic of a playwright as he plots out what will happen next in the plays action of events. As he stands alone in front of the Cyprian castle, Iago soliloquizes: Now, mongst this flock of drunkards / Am I to put our Cassio in some action / That may offend the isle (II.iii.55-57). Since action can refer to an exciting flurry of events, Iagos statement can mean that he will set Cassio up so that a lively, action-packed scene will ensue; however, action can also refer to the unfolding events of a drama. That Iago specifically states that he will put Cassio in some action, coupled with his uncanny knowledge that he is a character in a play and the fact that only the playwright has the privilege of contrivi ng the plot and putting characters in it, suggests that he is a surrogate playwright. Moreover, Iago scripts out future scenes throughout the play and is able to foretell future events and to predict the reactions of the other characters with an uncanny accuracy and confidence. For example, Iago plans what will happen when he will question Cassio about Bianca: As he [Cassio] shall smile, Othello shall go mad, / And his unbookish jealousy must conster / Poor Cassios smiles, gestures, and light behaviors / Quite in the wrong (IV.i.100-103). Shall expresses inevitability and thereby conveys Iagos confidence in his prediction, making it unlikely that this is merely a conjecture by one of the characters in the play of how the plot will unfold. His ability to predict future events and the assurance with which he makes these predictions suggest that he is a surrogate writer of the play, for only the playwright has the knowledge of what will happen in the future. Since one can interpre t shall as a directive as well, it may be somewhat strange that Iago uses the word while he speaks to himself, but with this word, Iago plots out his own actions which will determine the course of future events. His predictions have such accuracy that one can use them as a script of what will happen in the scenes that will follow. Thus, his language, ability to foretell events confidently, and machinations that drive the plot forward all function to depict Iago as a surrogate playwright.Even as he directs the actions of the other characters, the other characters also direct him, thus placing him in a position where he plays both the part of an actor and director at the same time. When Desdemona and Cassio talk with each other aboard the ship on the way to Cyprus, Iago watches them and remarks: now again you are most apt / to play the sir in. Very good! well kissed! and excellent / Courtesy! Tis so, indeed. Yet again your fingers to your / lips? Would they were clyster pipes f or your sake! (II.i.173-176). In the play that he has planned out in his mind, Iago has cast Cassio although Cassio doesnt know it as Desdemonas courtier and secret lover with whom she is having an affair. Praising and criticizing Cassios actions as if he were an actor in his play, Iago carefully observes the scene and comments as a director supervising rehearsals would. However, it is Cassios initial action of taking Desdemona by the palm that initiates Iagos commentary; thus, in a way, Cassio ironically directs Iagos actions even as Iago directs his. Therefore, as he casts people in parts of his play and supervises rehearsals, Iago simultaneously plays both the part of the director and actor.Helping other actors with their roles, Iago also acts as a surrogate prompter. When Barbantio orders the attendants to seize Othello and to get him under their control through force if necessary, Othello remarks: Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it / Without a prompter, ther eby informing Barbantio that he will not resist since it is not the time for him to fight in the play (I.ii.83-84). It is significant that he specifies that he does not need a cue to fight in particular, for this shows that he knows his role as a military general; in fact, he is so comfortable with it that he is confident that he does not need the assistance of a prompter to play the part flawlessly. The use of theatre language makes the drama briefly self-referential to call attention to the fact that every play has a prompter, helping one to recognize that Iago has slipped into this role, which he does early on. In contrast to the confidence he had in his acting ability as a military general, Othello finds himself at a loss for what action to take next after he finds himself in the role of the envious husband. After forcing Othello into the part of the jealous, suspicious husband by driving him to question Desdemonas fidelity, Iago takes on the duty of a surrogate prompter now that Othello needs assistance with his part, for only an actor who needs help would need the assistance of a prompter. For instance, when Othello still questions Desdemonas faithfulness, Iago urges him to Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio; / Wear your eyes thus, not jealous nor secure (III.iii.197-198). With his cues to look and observe, Iago not only advises the audience, but he also instructs Othello to assume the role of the audience, even modeling how he should act. By introducing doubt in Othellos mind and then suggesting and demonstrating how he should act, Iago incites Othello to act as a jealous husband would just as a prompter would help an actor to learn his lines and perform his part effectively. Iago takes on this role as surrogate prompter to get himself into a position whereby he can manipulate the actions and minds of others, leading them to their downfall through deception under the guise of friendship and concern.Shakespeare uses theatrical langua ge not only to highlight Iagos multiple theatrical roles, but also to thereby convey the helplessness of the characters that Iago manipulates. In act I, scene 1, Iago says to Roderigo, I am not what I am (64). This phrase resounds strongly of Gods description of himself to Moses as I AM WHO I AM in Exodus 3:13 of The Bible, except that Iago substitutes what in the place of who. Interestingly, Iagos statement may seem awkward since who not what is the proper pronoun one should use to describe a person; however, this pronoun substitution may be deliberate, for with this modification, Iago expresses that he is not merely a character and asserts that he exists beyond the play. The way in which Iago phrases this self-description portrays him as a sort of anti-God who has the opposite effect that a dues ex machina does. Just as God controls the world, Iago similarly controls the events and characters of the play. Iagos constant promptings of how the characters should act, his scrip ting and staging of scenes yet to come, and comments about the actions of the other characters foster a weird sense that the other characters in the play are fictional characters in Iagos play. This effect portrays the actors loss of personal willpower and inability to control what will happen to them during the course of the play, for Iagos psychological and physical manipulation of them controls their actions. Moreover, that Iago depicts himself as godlike further emphasizes their vulnerability to his whims. Ludovicos description of Othello in the last scene of Act V demonstrates the generals helplessness when he states: O thou Othello that was once so good, / Falln in the practice of a damned slave, / What shall be said to thee? (291-293). That Ludovico describes Iago as having fallen into a performance of a slave implies that Othello assumed that role involuntarily and lacked the agency to be able to control the events around himself. Furthermore, that Roderigo describes Ot hello as a slave brings into question who the master is; in this case, it is Iago. This relationship between master and slave also raises an interesting parallel relationship between an actor and director, for both actor and slave are similarly subservient to a dominating director or master. Thus, because the language of the theatre shows how Iago controls the production of the play, it depicts the passivity and helplessness of the characters since Iago controls their thoughts, action, and fate.While his machinations and actions make it easy for the audience to mark him the villain of the play, Iago uses theatrical language to challenge their characterization of him. After coaching Cassio on how to get back into Othellos good graces, Iago soliloquizes: And whats he then that says I play the villain, / When this advice is free I give and honest, / Probal to thinking, and indeed the course / To win the Moor again? (II.iii.324-327). There is an ambiguity regarding to whom Iago refe rs with the pronoun he. At this point in the play, none of the characters suspects Iago of his deceitful plotting; the character who knows the most about Iagos true intentions and nature is Roderigo, but at this point, even he trusts Iago to help him win Desdemona for his own, not knowing that Iago will kill him in the end. While this soliloquy may merely be a rhetorical statement, Iago can be addressing the one group of people who know of his deceit the audience. Throughout the play, Iago shares his treacherous plans in soliloquies and thus reveals his genuinely evil nature to the audience. By demonstrating awareness that he is performing a part in a play, he steps out of the plays realm and calls attention to the plays artificiality just for a moment so that he can address the audience and challenge their characterization of him as the villain with an unnerving accuracy as he uncannily presumes that they have done so, which they have.Stepping out of the play, Iago uses this o pportunity to manipulate the audiences thoughts just as he manipulates the thoughts and actions of the characters in the play. Still addressing the audience, Iago continues with the previous soliloquy: How am I then a villain / To counsel Cassio to this parallel course, / Directly to his good? (II.iii.336-338). By bringing up the valid claim that he is doing a good deed by advising Cassio on how to get what he wants, Iago forces the audience to question their designation of him as the plays villain. With this statement, Iago leads the audience to play with the idea that he may not be the villain, since what he says is true. However, this uncertainty only lasts for a moment, for he continues: Divinity of hell! / When devils with the blackest sins put on, / They do suggest with heavenly shows, / As I do now (II.iii.338-340). By directing the ending line As I do now to the audience, Iago reveals that he has just tricked the audience in the same manner that devils do and more impor tantly, just as he dupes his victims in the play, thereby reaffirming the audiences judgment of him as the villain. Furthermore, the duped audience despises Iago even more for his lack of shame and awareness of his evil nature. In this manner, Iagos use of theatre language gives him an opportunity to address the audience and manipulate their thoughts as he does his victims in the play so that his villainy extends beyond the plays realm.As this scene empowers Iago with the ability to extend his realm of deceit, it also strips him of power because it calls attention to the fact that he too is merely another one of the plays fictional characters. By the end of his soliloquy, Iago has led the audience to the conclusion that he does indeed play the villain in the play by duping them as well (II.iii.324). By reinforcing his audiences characterization of him as the villain, Iago inadvertently emphasizes that he plays a role in the play Othello, and thus, he is a fictional character. Be cause fictional characters have a determined fate since the playwright and his script have already determined their future, they lack control of their future. No matter how cunning and powerful Iago may appear to be, Iago will always end up in the hands of the authorities at the end of every production of the play. Thus, while the theatrical language gives Iago a chance to extend his reign of terror to the audience, it simultaneously weakens the audiences perception of him as wielding so much power, for it reminds them that he is merely a fictional character like the other characters and thus has no more control than they do over his future.When Iago fails in his attempt to control the other characters with his speech, he turns to action and then to silence. When Emilia first begins to reveal Iagos deceit, Iago orders her to charm[her] tongue, but when she fails to heed his command, he alters his order, telling her instead: I charge you get you home (V.ii.184, 195). With the ver b charge, Iago not only imposes a task upon her, but he also draws upon his authority as her husband as he commands her. As Emilia challenges his authority by disregarding his directions, Iago draws his sword and stabs her, thereby reasserting his power over her. Shortly thereafter, Othello tells Cassio to demand Iago to explain why he plotted against him, and Iago answers: Demand me nothing. What you know, you know. / From this time forth I never will speak word (V.ii.303-304). A demand calls for another to do something based upon authority and thereby implies that one wields power over the other. Iago refuses to comply with the demand not only because he wants to frustrate their attempts in figuring out the truth, but also more importantly, he refuses to acknowledge that they control him. His silence is his last attempt to try to reestablish his power, although it is a feeble attempt considering that he is now physically under their control. Thus, Iagos silence shows his ref usal to let anyone subjugate him, even though it is clear that he no longer wields any power over the other characters or himself.While Iago is clearly the villain of the play based upon his treachery and deceit, metadrama complicates this characterization by not only challenging and reaffirming this designation, but also by amplifying and diminishing the appearance of Iagos possession of power. He may be Othellos servant, but his theatrical functions in the play as director, prompter, and playwright distance him from the plot and thereby give him an apparent control over the other characters. However, while his theatrical roles delude him into thinking that he is in control, they also reveal that the other characters influence and direct his actions just as he directs them. The thought of living under subjugation repulses Iago so much that he expresses his refusal to submit to the authorities by taking an oath of silence although there is no hope of escaping their control. He ir onically does not realize that his character exists throughout the play under the direction of others, such as the other characters in the play and Shakespeare himself. It is possible for Iago to live under authority even though he may not think so just as long as he is not aware of it. Unfortunately, his very nature as a fictitious character automatically places him under the control of the playwright; thus, his hatred of authority dooms him to a life of unhappiness and dissatisfaction.Works CitedShakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare. Ed. Stephan Orgel and A. R. Braunmuller. New York: Penguin Group, 2002. 1402-1444.The Holy Bible: New International Version. Nashville: Broadman Holman Publishers, 1986.

Taking a Look at the Kashmir Conflict - 2667 Words

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