Taking a Look at the Kashmir Conflict - 2667 Words

INTRODUCTION The Kashmir Conflict has been an ongoing battle between India and Pakistan for decades. At its very basis, it is a territorial dispute between the governments of India and Pakistan and Kashmiri insurgent groups over control of the region of Kashmir. However, at it’s core it is religious quarrel that has been affected by the presence of nuclear weapons and the desire for local autonomy. The potential for peace is a topic still widely debated and rarely agreed upon by scholars. Through the decades-long conflict and continuous disaccord between India and Pakistan, the path to peace is paved solely by the Kashmiri people and their desires for their future, and with the resolution of this conflict, India and Pakistan may finally be able to contain the forces of communalism and religious extremism that has plagued them for decades. BACKGROUND The Kashmir conflict arose from the partition of the Indian sub-continent along religious lines, which led to the formation of India and Pakistan. However, 650 states, run by princes, still existed within the two newly independent countries in which the princes had to decide which country to join or if they would remain independent. Due to its location, Kashmir, and its ruler Maharaja Hari Singh, could choose to join either India or Pakistan. Unable to decide which nation to join, Hari Singh chose to remain neutral. Nevertheless, in October 1947, the Kashmir conflict officially began with the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir andShow MoreRelatedSaarc Failure Reasons1722 Words   |  7 Pagesreducing tariff within the region. This agreement was implemented in 2006, the member countries agreed to bring tariff duties down by 20% up to 2009. However, SAARC is not that much successful in resolving economic problems or addressing political conflicts in South Asia. Why SAARC has been a failure? 2. Why SAARC has failed to come true to the expectations of the people like any other regional organization of the world and why it could not help the region to assume peace and development, these areRead MoreConcept of Conflict1160 Words   |  5 PagesCONFLICT: BASIC CONCEPT The word conflict has been derived from the Latin word ‘Confligere’; which means to Strike or attack altogether. In the present world, there are conflicts found everywhere. Each conflict has a reason behind it. these conflicts usually occur when two or more individuals or groups feel they have irreconcilable differences, or they feel that there needs, interests or wants are threatened by the existence of the other groups demands. Hence clashes become inevitable. PeopleRead MoreConcept of Conflict1152 Words   |  5 PagesCONFLICT: BASIC CONCEPT The word conflict has been derived from the Latin word ‘Confligere’; which means to Strike or attack altogether. In the present world, there are conflicts found everywhere. Each conflict has a reason behind it. these conflicts usually occur when two or more individuals or groups feel they have irreconcilable differences, or they feel that there needs, interests or wants are threatened by the existence of the other groups demands. Hence clashes become inevitable. People allRead MoreKashmir Issue and Mediation Essay3467 Words   |  14 PagesKashmir Issue and Mediation The record of the international mediation (Third Party role), or meditative interventions in regard to the Kashmir dispute is clearly mixed: These interventions achieved both some successes and some failures. Among the successes were the cease-fire and truce agreements, arranged by UNCIP in 1948 and 1949.The cease-fire agreement did not hold for long, and peacekeeping operation that emerged from it failed in large measure to keep the peaceRead More Kashmir ; A lost paradise Essay3104 Words   |  13 Pages Kashmir — a beautiful mountain state with clear rivers, evergreen forests and one of the highest death rates in the world. It is at the center of an age-old dispute between Pakistan and India that has dragged on from the independence of both nations over fifty years ago to the present time, with no resolution in sight. The combined population of the two nation totals over a billion, so no conflict between them is of passing importance, especially when nuclear weapons are involved. Pakistan and IndiaRead MoreChild Soldiers in India2021 Words   |  9 Pagessuch as porters, spies, messengers, look outs, and sexual slaves; or they can be used for political advantage either as human shields or in propaganda. Throughout history and in many cultures, children have been extensively involved in military campaigns even when such practices were supposedly against cultural morals. Since the 1970s a number of international conventions have come into effect that try to limit the participation of children in armed conflicts, nevertheless the Coalition to StopRead MoreIndia s Foreign Direct Investments1708 Words   |  7 Pagesfinance minister that has been given the tough responsibility to provide the budgetary solution that goes side by side with the 10th Five-Year Plan Objectives, without harming their stand on their 2004 general elections. Jaswant must first take a close look at India’s troubled past in order to make the right decisions for the future. India had had a slow growth trend that dated from its independence and constitution as a republic. Under its first prime minister, Jawaharal Nehru, India initially adoptedRead MoreKashmir Issue2031 Words   |  9 Pagesside sticks to its claims over Kashmir, the Kashmiri Muslims continue to pay a heavy price for their defiant struggle against overwhelming odds in order to exercise their right of self determination. For more than half a century the Kashmiris are oscillating between uncertainty and destitution. They continue to suffer misery and repression under illegal Indian occupation, and despite a stream of strong words and resolutions passed by the Security Council the Kashmir issue is still a bone o f contentionRead MoreEssay on The Religious Conflict in South Asia1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe Religious Conflict in South Asia It is a misconception to believe that there has always been conflict between Muslims and Hindus. At one time, Muslims and Hindus would live together in peace even worshiping in the same building, a purely harmonious relationship. However the peace was not to last. In modern times the conflict it could be said is inevitable. In this essay I hope to look at the issues of conflict in South Asia focusing on India and in particular theRead MorePak-China Relations1950 Words   |  8 Pagespartition in August 1947, when Britain relinquished its claim over the Indian subcontinent and divided its former colony into two states. Since then Pakistan and India have fought three wars and a number of low-level conflicts. Tensions remain high over the disputed territory of Kashmir with periodic military posturing on both sides of the border. India has long been perturbed by Chinas military aid to Pakistan. K. Alan Kronstadt, a specialist in South Asian affairs at the nonpartisan Congressional

Project Plan For A Project Management Plan - 2266 Words

Introduction This paper is aimed at developing an elaborated project plan for the project that we have been discussing in the past weeks. The key idea of this comprehensive project plan is to prepare a detailed formal document which charts out a plan for end to end execution of the project. If a project is not supported by an adequate project management plan then it will a big risk of losing out on track and may not achieve its objectives. Hence, it is essential for every manager to bring out a project management plan before moving onto the project execution phase. The key elements of this plan are primary and secondary objectives, planning elaborations, important decisions and assumptions and so on. Using this document, managers can create communication mechanisms, project baselines and detailed strategies to achieve the project objectives (Harris, 2011). Narrowing down the focus, I have documented a detailed plan of transformation for the motorcycles maker into manufacturer of a touring class m otorcycles. Meanwhile, the company will continue to produce the existing product range to hold onto its present consumer base. This will save the company against any financial risk in case of any failure. Project Scope As defined earlier, this project is to develop larger, touring motor cycles used for long distance, rough riding. These bikes will have powerful and robust engines to support the positioning of a powerful bike. These engines will have a minimum capacity of 1100 cc.Show MoreRelatedProject Plan For Project Management Plan1837 Words   |  8 Pages PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Purpose of Project Management Plan 2 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF PROJECT CHARTER 2 2.1 Assumptions/Constraints 2 3 SCOPE MANAGEMENT 3 3.1 Define scope. 3 3.1.1 Scope Statement 3 3.2 Collect requirement 3 3.3 Work Breakdown Structure 4 3.4 Change Control Management 5 4 SCHEDULE/TIME MANAGEMENT 6 4.1 Milestones 6 4.2 Project Schedule 6 4.2.1 Dependencies 6 5 COST/BUDGET MANAGEMENT 7 5.1 Communication Matrix 8 6 RISK MANAGEMENT 8 6.1 Risk Log 10 7 HUMANRead MoreProject Plan For A Project Management Plan Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: Name Project Plan Student’s Name Professor’s Name [optional] DOS: July 28, 2015 Abstract The key element in the project management is to manage the expectations of the stakeholder. This must be performed within the reach of the project’s scope. A scope document can be designed for this which will prove helpful for the stakeholders to understand what is to be expected during the progress of the project’s course. This project plan is a telecommunication project plan which will defineRead MoreProject Plan For Project Management1342 Words   |  6 Pagesunder the broad direction of the project manager independently with the opportunity for reasonable autonomy and accountability for the achievement of project outcome along with best practices in project management methodologies. The below statement briefly captures my project management skills and qualities that I would like to be bring it across into the project life span to deliver projects within time, resource and budget constraints. †¢ During the project initiation phase, I can work collaborativelyRead MoreProject Plan For A Project Management1019 Words   |  5 PagesProject Plan Throughout the project, the Project Board uses the Project Plan as a baseline against which to measure progress. As such, the Project Plan must contain the overall schedule and cost of the project, as well as tolerances set by corporate/programme management. The Project Plan also provides a high-level view of the project’s management stages. Stage Plan(s) The Project Manager uses the Stage Plan as a baseline for everyday project management activities. Each management stage on a projectRead MoreProject Plan For Software Project Management Plan2156 Words   |  9 Pages Software Project Management Plan INTRODUCTION PROJECT SUMMARY 1 Purpose, scope and objective 2 Project deliverables 3 Schedules 4 Evolution of the SPMP REFERENCES DEFINITIONS PROJECT ORGANIZATION 1 Organizational Structure 2 Roles and responsibilities PROJECT START-UP PLAN 1 Estimation plan 2 Staffing plan 3 Resource gaining 4 Project staff training plan WORK PLAN SCHEDULE AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION QUALITY CONTROL RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN PROJECT CLOSE-OUTRead MoreProject Management Plan For Projects Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pages Project Procurement Management Name: Artemus Brown American Military University â€Æ' 1.1. Project management plan Project management plays a vital part in planning and determining the project s directions and it likewise guarantees that project can be executed on budget, on time and meet organization s requirements. (Bernard David, 2003) Thus, clear vision, plan and strategy ought to be resolved to know that project ought to be controlled (Holland, 1999). The project management planRead MoreProject Plan For Project Management Project1819 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginning of Project Initiation, a Project Manager is assigned, if not already present. The Project Manager works with the Project Sponsor to identify the necessary resources and team members needed to further develop the key project parameters – Cost, Scope, Schedule, and Quality (CSSQ). The Project Team documents its charge in the form of a Project Charter, which is based on the Project Proposal, which includes the initial Business Case. Approval of the Project Charter by the Project Sponsor authorizesRead MoreProject Management Plan2553 Words   |  11 Pagesclub White space Project Management Plan ____________________________________________________________ __________________ Prepared By: Evdokiya Taleva Date of Publication: 03.12.2006 ____________________________________________________________ __________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW 1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1 PROJECT SCOPE 2 IN SCOPE: 2 OUT OF SCOPE: 2 DELIVERABLES PRODUCED 2 ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACT 3 PROJECT ESTIMATED EFFORTRead MoreProject Management Plan2207 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Project Management Plan Bruce Peters CPMGT 201 November 8, 2014 Thomas Ach The project management plan is a document that companies project manager will build to help them describe in more detail the planning of all their projects and the company itself. It can be a formal document that is used by managers to manage the project execution. The project management plan documents all the actions that will define, integrate, prepare, and coordinate the planning activities. ItRead MoreProject Plan For A Project Management Project1016 Words   |  5 Pagesof Contents 1.0 Instructions 2 1.1 About the Project Change Request 2 1.2 Completing the Project Data Section 3 1.3 Completing the Change Details Section 4 1.4 Completing the Impact Analysis section 6 1.5 Completing the Summary section 6 2.0 Completing the Approvals section 7 2.1 Check Box: 7 1.0 Instructions 1.1 About the Project Change Request A project will undergo changes during some point in the projects lifecycle. The Project Changes Request will be used to monitor and report

William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice - 929 Words

The court scene in â€Å" The Merchant of Venice† along with â€Å"Measure of Measure† are two of the most read court scenes in Shakespeare s plays. The court scene in â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† is a window into the world of Elizabethan Law, and some of the issues that citizens had with the trying to find justice. It also shadows problems in our current legal system that are a source of contention today. Below I intend to show that Shakespeare, because of his knowledge of the legal system, was well aware of certain contentious arguing points concerning the courts of the day, as well as the impact of these points on the average citizen. I will point out certain instances where the rule of law should have been over ruled by mercy or fairness, and the consequences to an individual when equity is ignored and the rule of law is followed without judgment. I also will also attempt to draw parallels between the points raised in â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† and today s legal system. The study of Shakespeare s plays and their included court scenes has evolved into its own field, and thinkers pour over the satire, messages, and moral truths as much as they pour over the plays themselves. The Merchant of Venice â€Å"has spawned more commentary by lawyers than any other Shakespeare play† (Kornstein 66). Shakespeare knew all about lawyers and courts in Elizabethan society. To publish a play in Shakespeare s time, you had to submit a play to be approved by the Master of Revels, and Shakespeare wouldShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginni ng of the play and only intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words   |  10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather p lots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words   |  4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of Venice

The Great Leap Forward Is Well Known For The Failed...

The Great Leap Forward is well-known for the failed economic and social campaign started by the Communist Party of China in between 1958 to 1961. The Communist triumph in China by mobilization of peasants and civilians to fend off Japanese military during World War II and the Nationalist soldiers in the civil war between 1946 and 1949. After the success of using the man power throughout the mobilization, the Party believed that they could apply the same method for the economic development. Before the Communist Party took over the country in 1949, China was in under poor agriculture based economy with its infancy level of industrialization which makes China remaining in less developed country. The majority of the population in the rural area lived upon the labor-intensive farming. In order to alleviate regarding issue, Mao assured that the central government need to induce the nation to focus on â€Å"the transition from socialism to communism† for the entire country (Mesiner, 1977, p. 227). The socialist state of the nation was yet to be consolidated in the beginning of 1958. The reorganization of the country from socialism to communism portrayed as idealistic idea under impoverished state. Nevertheless, the Party considered this immature state of socialist society as an opportunity to improve the nation as whole. In 1958, the new Chinese Communist Party initiated the Great Leap Forward movement which implementing the collectivization by merging small group of local farmers intoShow MoreRelatedMao Zedong Analysis1294 Words   |  6 PagesChina., †¦) Mao was the great contributor to united China, brought China out of the oppression of foreign country. From the Opium Wars in between the nineteenth century, Mao Zedong never stopped follow his goal by opened many campaign, and movement that help to develop the modernization of China. Mao was judge about his wrong policies conducted to make the Great Chinese Famine happened between 1959 to 1961 by the campaign of the Anti Right Campaign, the Great Leap Forward happened in 1958 to 1959Read MoreMao Zedong Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pagesthe name of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was a well-known communist leader in china who actually lead the Chinese Communist Party. He is one of the most important people/historical figures in history. At first he was helping China at the beginning of his ruling, nut then his actions had cause China to completely fall and breakout into violence and complete chaos!! Changing the views of his people because whatever good he had done did not matter anymore from his great down fall. During his ruling though someRead MoreThe era of Communist China and the Cultural Revolution963 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly known today as Communist China (â€Å"History of China†). Mao Zedong and the CPC supported socialism and Marxism-Leninist theories. Mao realized the need for social reconstruction and adopted the Soviet model for development. Despite the technical and economic problems China faced, Mao was aware of the cultural and political difficulties of the country’s development. â€Å"He believed that only through controlled conflict could China sustain social change† (Solomon 250). After multiple failed attemptsRead MoreThe Significance Of Mao Zedong s Leadership Essay11407 Words   |  46 Pagesdecisions to help certain groups but also made some very bad decisions that paid the price, in some cases killing millions. Due to the social and economic changes that then followed by a significant increase in the population and weak leadership that led to rebellions from 1911 that saw the end of 3500years of rule by the Chinese imperial dynasties. The social and economic chaos then led to the formation of two political parties. The CCP, led by Mao Zedong and the GMD led by Chiang Kai Shek. Mao and hisRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 Pagescreates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air quality, and overuse of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Social issues that arise from having a superabundant population consist ofRead MoreA Famous Phrase Attributed To Deng Xiaoping Is The Following:1336 Words   |  6 Pagescountries employ to limit the influx of foreign, â€Å"western† ideas that could threaten the government and the political culture. While there is little doubt that Russia’s system is less comprehensive and strict than China’s, it still serves its purpose well. Indeed, Internet regulation in Russia and China is highly effective in curtaining freedom, squashing opposition, and preventing the formation of more dissent, all of which could threaten the existence of the government. It is worth evaluating theRead MoreStarbucks Corporation : The Largest Coffee Company2117 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Starbucks Corporation which is known worldwide for their coffee company from Seattle Washington. It is the largest coffee company in the world, with Costa Coffee as their highest competition. Everyone knows what Starbucks is and the quality of their product. (Loxel 2015) When you walk into Starbucks you expect nothing but a good cup of coffee or whatever else your getting Starbucks grew so much in the last couple years. The company now has over 21,537 stores in 64 different countriesRead More China In The 20th Century Essay example2955 Words   |  12 Pagesenormous changes. From colonialism and imperialism to republicanism, from communism to capitalism, and from underdevelopment to a country maintaining over 10% economic growth for over ten years. In this research paper, I will focus on the transition of China from a Communist command economy to a type of market economy as well as the economic fluctuations throughout this period. In 1949 Oct 1, the Peopleamp;#8217;s Republic of China was established. Before 1949, there was a period of civilRead MoreArt Is A Powerful Tool1858 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluencing the people of China between 1966 and 1976, as well as why it was so successful. Mao Zedong; as a leader and his image Mao Zedong was one of the founders of the People’s Republic of China and was chairman to the communist nation until his death (Clark, 2008). He had always been portrayed as a super human and even depicted as God-like. He had been named many things such as the Great Leader, Supreme Commander, Great Teacher and Great Helmsman who possesses all the perfect qualities soughtRead MoreChina Research Paper6220 Words   |  25 PagesDynasty is well known for beginning the Great Wall of China, and it was the first to claim China. The Great Wall of China was to protect China from the invasion of the Xiongnu people from Mongolia. The Xiongnu tribe was Chinas main enemy at that time. The Chinese built the  Great Wall  to prevent them from entering and conquering China. Qin Shi Huang was known for being china’s first emperor. Next, was the Han Dynasty, known as the â€Å"Golden Era† of China was a period of peace, prosperity and economic growth

The Vocabulary Acquisition Of Children Education Essay Free Essays

string(112) " characteristics of anticipation in efficient lexical acquisition to be used in bilingual and monolingual kids\." A individual ‘s vocabulary is the set of words that they are familiar with. It normally grows and evolves with age and serves as a utile medium for communicating and geting linguistic communication. One ‘s working vocabulary may non be representative of one ‘s entire cognition of a linguistic communication. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vocabulary Acquisition Of Children Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vocabulary can be improved by exposure to new linguistic communication information. In mundane conversation we speak of vocabulary in the singular ; we speak of a individual ‘s vocabulary. This is really an simplism. The American Heritage Dictionary defines vocabulary as â€Å" the amount of words used by, understood by, or at the bid of a peculiar individual or group. † Harmonizing to Nation ( I. S. P. Nation 2001 ) , vocabulary acquisition includes three procedures, viz. detecting, retrieval, and originative ( productive ) usage. 1.2 Statement of the job For the first five old ages or so of their childhood, kids are involved in the procedure of geting a significance or unwritten vocabulary -words that they understand when they hear them and that they can utilize in their address. During this period, kids basically do non hold literate vocabularies. Most kids get reading and composing accomplishments upon come ining school. So, for really immature kids, their significances of vocabularies are much larger than their literate vocabularies. Therefore this survey is an effort to look into vocabulary acquisition among kids between one to five old ages old. 1.3 Aims The aim of this survey is: To determine vocabulary acquisition among 1-5 old ages old kids with different background. 1.4 Research inquiries What are the differences between the two kids in term of their vocabulary acquisition? How does the kids ‘s background act upon their English vocabulary acquisition? Does a bilingual kid perform better in their vocabulary acquisition? 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Children Vocabulary Acquisition Broad definition of vocabulary is the cognition of words and word significances. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defined vocabulary as all words that person knows or uses. Vocabulary acquisition is lingual accomplishment that is truly of import and complex acquired by kids and grownups. For the first five old ages of kids ‘s lives, they are involved in the procedure of geting a significance or unwritten vocabulary which contain words that they understand when they hear them and they can utilize in their day-to-day address ( Pikulski A ; Templeton, 2004 ) . From a survey done by MacWhinney ( 1998 ) , it appeared that babies learned to go to to and bring forth linguistic communication with easiness, but to get a linguistic communication is non an easy undertaking ( Phythian-Sence A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . Before kids can larn to pass on with words, their gestures signal an apprehension of linguistic communication. A kid is said to hold acquired vocabulary when he or she n on merely merely link spoken sounds with objects and events in the environment, but besides understand that words mention objects and constructs ( Phythian-Sence A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . Leung ( 1992 ) in her survey explored vocabulary acquisition in unwritten contexts utilizing a repeated read-aloud with kids in kindergarten and first class. She found that read-aloud influenced kids ‘s acquisition of words for familiar constructs, but did non significantly act upon the acquisition of words stand foring unfamiliar constructs ( Phythian-Sence A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . In short, we can state that kids get new words with and without direct direction with environment influence their acquisition. 2.2 Parents and Economic Background Parents play an of import function in kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Parents help their kids learn about objects and actions through day-to-day conversation. At this point of clip, kids already exposed to a scope of vocabulary. Although research clearly stated that parents influenced the vocabulary acquisition of the kids, there are differences whether this occurs across households that vary in instruction and economic background. Hart and Risley ( 1995 ) in their survey found that, kids from lower income households used vocabulary that deficiency of rich content. In that survey, they besides stressed on the differences in kids ‘s vocabulary size due to socioeconomic position and other hazard factors. The consequence in their survey indicated that, kids who have from parents of professionals had a cumulative vocabulary of about 1,100 words, those from working category households had about 650 words, and those from welfare households had merely over 400 words ( Hart A ; Risley, 1995 ) . Many research found that kids from low-income environments score more ill on steps of phonemic consciousness and vocabulary during preschool and simple school. Raz and Bryant ( 1990 ) found such a strong association between household income, phonemic consciousness, and reading that they concluded that ascertained differences among SES groups in simple school could be explained by differences in consciousness and sensitiveness to phonemes in preschool as cited by Rush ( 1999 ) . Research by Dickinson and Tabors ( 2001 ) has shown that kids reared in lower-SES conditions develop vocabulary and linguistic communication usage more easy than kids from higher-SES families ( Sinatra, 2008 ) . New research done by Rowe and other research workers suggested that the income and instruction degrees of parents are connected to a babe ‘s accomplishments with gesturing, which in bend can bespeak whether a kid will develop strong linguistic communication abilities. Their find ings showed that during the first session, the kids from high-income families gestured 24 times, compared to 13 gestures from childs in low-income places. Then both groups were tested for vocabulary, the childs from the high-income households scored 117, compared to 93 in the other group ( 2009 ) . 2.3 Bilingualism and Vocabulary Acquisition There are two major beginnings of informations about optimum conditions for L1 vocabulary development: surveies of the place environments in which kids typically get big vocabularies and surveies of instructional patterns that support vocabulary ( Snow A ; Kim, 2007 ) . These types of informations are of import in back uping the vocabulary acquisition in first linguistic communication. Hart and Risley ( 1995 ) indicated that the best forecasters of immature kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition in L1 are the measure of address heard. Pearson and Fernandez ( 1994 ) suggested that these same characteristics of anticipation in efficient lexical acquisition to be used in bilingual and monolingual kids. You read "The Vocabulary Acquisition Of Children Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Their findings concerned about the importance of the place linguistic communication environment in bilingual babies ‘ vocabulary development ( Snow A ; Kim, 2007 ) . Apart from that, vocab ulary acquisition is thought as holding two constituents which are larning new constructs and larning new phonological signifiers. So, a L2 scholar who has get many lexical points in L1 has the advantage that he or she needs to larn merely the new signifiers in the L2 while a kid who is monolingual has to get both of the constituents in larning lexical points of L2 ( Snow A ; Kim, 2007 ) . Bilingualism provides the advantages for kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Peal and Lambert ( 1962 ) are one of the earlier research workers to happen out the positive effects of intelligence for bilingualism. They conclude that bilingualism consequences in greater mental flexibleness and abstract thought. They besides suggested that bilingualism is non doing ‘confused believing ‘ but its improved thought ( Steinberg A ; Sciarini, 2006 ) . Quay ( 1992 ) in his survey showed that a Spanish-English bilingual kid acquired a figure of tantamount words in both linguistic communications and so about ever used the words right by linguistic communication context. His survey reported that the bilingual kid used words for which she knew a interlingual rendition equivalent ( that is, words with tantamount significances in the two linguistic communications ) in the appropriate lingual context as cited in ( Nicoladis A ; Secco, 2000 ) . As cited in Thordardottir, Weismer and Smi th ( 1997 ) , Garcia stated that, larning is to be facilitated under a bilingual status compared to a monolingual status in his research sing Empirical surveies of L2 vocabulary acquisition in minority kids geting English ( 1983 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subjects The topics for this survey were two kids of 5 year-old. We managed to acquire a brace of kids which was a male child and a miss from the same cultural, Malay. These kids were the pupils of Makmal Taman Asuhan ( MTA ) which located following to Sultan Abdul Samad Library of Universiti Putra Malaysia. They were the pupils from the eventide session. Their background inside informations were stated as below: 1 ) Muhammad Haqeem bin Erman ( Subject A ) He was born on April 2, 2005 at Putrajaya. He lives at Bandar Baru Bangi. His male parent ‘s name is Erman bin Subri and he is Sarawakian. His female parent is Musliyana binti Mansor and she is a Johorian. His male parent works on his ain while his female parent is a science officer at Institut Biosains UPM. He loves watching televison and his favorite nutrient is egg curry. He is the lone kid in his household. Besides that, he speaks 2 linguistic communications, viz. Malay and English at place and even in schoolroom. 2 ) Nuradilla Umaira binti Dalha ( Subject B ) She was born on April 17, 2005 at Kajang, Selangor. She lives at Balakong. Her male parent is Dalha bin Abdul Halim while her female parent is Yammah binti Ahmad Ramlan. Her male parent works a clerk at Pejabat Pendaftar UPM. Her female parent is a full-time homemaker. Umaira has three siblings and she is the lone girl in the household. She is rather chatty among her friends. She merely speaks one linguistic communication which is Malay whether at place or in the schoolroom. 3.2 Instruments In order to obtain the informations, we have used slide show presentation which consisted of 40 images. We selected simple images to be presented to the kids so it would non be so hard for them to think. The images are runing from household members, animate beings, nutrient, fruits, transit, stationary and so on. Other than that, we besides used narrative book which contained images in it. Our purpose of utilizing the narrative book was non to inquire them to read the narrative, but we wanted to detect how they used the images in it to state a narrative. 3.3 Data aggregation processs Permission for carry oning this survey was obtained from Jabatan Pembangunan Masyarakat dan Perkembangan Keluarga ( JPMPK ) of Human Ecology Faculty by make fulling in the application signifier. In a hebdomad clip, we managed to acquire the permission from the section and an assignment was set up with the instructor at Makmal Taman Asuhan to happen a suited day of the month to carry on the survey. We did reference to her that we merely need to detect 2 kids in the schoolroom for our survey. As our agencies of roll uping informations was through observation, we used digital camera to enter the activity that we did with the kids. The first thing that we did with them was to compose their names on a piece of paper. Then, we put them together to watch a slide show presentation which has been prepared by us. During this session, both of them were asked to state us what image was shown in the slide show. Following, we used the object available in their schoolroom and asked them the name of the objects. Both old Sessionss were done at the same time for the kids where they need to response to the inquiries on the same clip. After that, we continued with the narrative books. In this session, we asked them to state what image was contained in at that place and make a narrative based on the images that they have seen. In the last session, they were asked to sing any vocal that they knew. 3.4 Data analysis We transcribed the recorded observation into text. We did non transcribe every individual word that the both kids said, but we merely focused on the of import portion. Then, we organized the information into classs which based on the Sessionss that we had with them. There were chiefly 4 classs ; composing ain name, figure of English vocabularies, stating a narrative based on images in the narrative book and numeration Numberss. We analyze the information by utilizing Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and besides we did descriptive analysis. 4.0 RESULT Writing ain name Capable Description A Can compose his ain name with the aid from the interviewer. He seemed to cognize the letters that stood for his name Bacillus Can non compose her ain name yet and did non look to cognize the letters ; merely scribbled on the paper given to her Number of English Vocabularies Stating a Story based on Pictures in the Story Book Capable Description A Focus entirely on depicting the images, non seeking to lucubrate or state a narrative based on the images Bacillus Describe the images every bit good as state a narrative based on the images provided in the narrative book Counting Numbers Capable Numbers A â€Å" One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10s † Bacillus â€Å" Satu, dua, tiga, empat, Lima, enam, lapan†¦ . † 5.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Effect of Bilingualism The consequence showed that Subject A had more English vocabularies compared to Subject B. Tracing back to Subject A ‘s background, he is a bilingual kid where he was brought up in 2 linguistic communications environment. He spoke both Malay and English linguistic communication at place and in the schoolroom. This state of affairs would do him had more exposure to English linguistic communication compared to Subject B. In the other manus, Subject B merely spoke Malay whether at place or in the schoolroom. She could be said as non holding adequate exposure to English linguistic communication. This state of affairs made her non competent in that linguistic communication. However, both topics knew about all the objects shown in the slide show presentation, the lone difference laid in the linguistic communication that they used to call the objects ; whether it was Malay or English. 5.2 Family background Based on the consequence, household background did influence kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Subject A ‘s parents have higher educational background compared to subject B ‘s parents as topic A ‘s parents are both diploma undergraduates, his female parent working as science officer at Institute Biosains UPM while his male parent working on his ain. On the other manus, capable B ‘s male parent is working as a clerk at Pejabat Pendaftar UPM and her female parent is a fulltime homemaker. This showed that parents ‘ educational background has influenced the kid ‘s vocabulary acquisition as topic A ‘s parents have the advantages in assisting him to get vocabulary in both linguistic communications. Their educational background has given subject A ‘s more chance to larn two linguistic communications at the immature age. Subject A was exposed to these linguistic communications, Malay and English, so that he can utilize both linguistic commu nications in geting his vocabulary. Subject B ‘s parents educational background is a small spot lower compared to Subject A ‘s parents and they are utilizing merely Malay Language at place, so she did non hold much chance to larn English at place. That ‘s why capable A utilizing Malay Language more when she responded to our inquiries. She had limited vocabulary in English compared to Subject B who was bilingual and had acquired vocabulary in English and Malay Language. Another ground that made topic A has more English vocabulary compared to subject B because topic A is the lone kid in his household, so all the attending will be focused merely on him. He besides socialized with grownups at his place so that he had more vocabulary while capable B ‘s had 3 siblings in her household and she was the lone girl. Capable B did non acquire much attending like topic A because there are another kids in her household. 6.0 Decision Based on the findings and treatment before, it shows that kids ‘s English vocabulary acquisition is influenced by their background. The parents ‘ instruction degree does play a function in finding their kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. The parents may supply the exposure to their childs so that they can enrich their vocabulary. Other than that, bilingualism besides contributes to vocabulary acquisition in kids. Childs who are bilinguals seem to hold large vocabulary size and this appears as an advantage to them compare to the other kids who are monolinguals. Mentions: Dotinga, R. ( 2009, February 12 ) . Baby Gestures Linked to Vocabulary Development. U.S.News A ; World Report. Goh, H. S. A ; Fatimah Hashim. ( 2006 ) . Use of L1 in L2 Reading Comprehension Among Tertiary ESL Learners, 18, 1. Hart, B. , A ; Risley, T. ( 1995 ) . Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experiences of Young American Children. Baltimore: Rupert brookes. Nicoladis, E. , A ; Secco, Giovanni ( 2000 ) . The function of a kid ‘s productive vocabulary in the linguistic communication pick of a bilingual household. First Language, 20, 3-28. Phythian-Sence, C. , A ; Wagner, R. K. ( 2007 ) . Vocabulary Acquisition: A Primer. In Wagner, R. K. , Muse, A. E. , A ; Tannenbaum, K. R. , Vocabulary Acquisition: Deductions for Reading Comprehension ( pp. 1-11 ) . New York, London: The Guilford Press. Pikulski, J. J. , A ; Templeton, S ( 2004 ) . Teaching and Developing Vocabulary: Cardinal to Long-run Reading Success. Current Research in reading / linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, 1-12. Retrieved from Houghton Mifflin. Rush, K. L. ( 1999 ) . Caregiver-Child Interactions and Early Literacy Development of Preschool Children From Low-Income Environments. Subjects in Early Childhood Special Education, 19 ( 3 ) , 3-14. Department of the interior: 10.1177/027112149901900101 Sinatra, R. ( 2008 ) . ‘Creating a civilization of vocabulary acquisition for kids populating in poorness ‘ . Journal of Children and Poverty, 14 ( 2 ) , 173-192. Department of the interior: 10.1080/10796120802336001 Snow, C. E. , A ; Kim, Y.-S. ( 2007 ) . Large Problems Spaces: The Challenge of Vocabulary for English Language Learners. In Wagner, R. K. , Muse, A. E. , A ; Tannenbaum, K. R. , Vocabulary Acquisition: Deductions for Reading Comprehension ( pp. 123-136 ) . New York, London: The Guilford Press. Steinberg, D. D. A ; Sciarini, N. V ( 2006 ) . Bilingualism, Intelligence, Transfer, and Learning Strategies. Second ( Ed. ) , An Introduction to Psycholinguistics ( pp. 160-173 ) . Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. Thordardottir, E. T. , Weismer, S. E. , A ; Smith, M. E. ( 1997 ) . Vocabulary acquisition in bilingual and monolingual clinical intercession. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 13 ( 3 ) , 215-225. Department of the interior: 10.1177/026565909701300301 How to cite The Vocabulary Acquisition Of Children Education Essay, Essay examples

A Cost Effective Environmental Management Solution

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Social Development Reflection Essay Example For Students

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