Design And Make A Coffee Table

What's already on the market TO get a wide range Of options had to do quite a lot Of researching online and in the local hardware did stores such as woodiest and other shops such as Argos and Nava furniture. ; Below are some of the designs that was very impress with it but could not pick it because it did not fit in to my aims of what the project should look like. The reason on very idea is outlined to why I liked it and why I did not approve it. This is another great simple coffee table that will look good with the existing furniture.It is also doing more with less so it is a very good idea. My choice: the reason why I selected this idea was cause it fills all the aims I set out at the start of my investigation/research. This idea serves the comment doing more with less perfectly because it does not require too much wood or expense as it would if I was to make a coffee table and drawers alone so its doing more with less because they are together. It is also something that will free up a lot of space up in the room. Seibel wood types Oak the advantages of Oak are: Oak wood has great strength and hardness It is very resistant to insect and fungal attack It is easy to cut It also looks good It is a very strong wood and resistant to many sets and to rot Beech Advantages of beech wood furniture are: hard materials, textures, the structure is fine wear-resistant and shiny processing, finishing, gluing is better The disadvantage of beech wood furniture is: color and density differences due to age different, makes furniture color is not uniform; kiln drying and processing that is easy to crack and easy to shape.PINE ; Advantages of pine are : Fairly cheap and readily available. Easy to work and finishes well. Durable. ; Disadvantage is that it can be Knotty Dovetail ; Dovetails are the strongest of all joints. The mint is made up Of interlocking wedge-shaped elements called pins and tails that resist the forces applied to the joint. This joint looks attractive and, if well made, the decorative quality can be used to enhance projects. Advantages of Dovetail Joints ; What are the advantages of this type of joint? Strongest of all joints. Large gluing area. Interlocking Resists being pulled apart.Looks attractive. Would hold together even with no glue. ; Mortise & Tendon Joint This joint is a strong and frequently-used joint for assembling a variety of products where strength and reliability are required. The mortise can either be a through mortise, as shown, or a blind mortise that only partly penetrates the stock. The joint is made permanent using adhesive. Dowels are also used to prevent separation. ; Lap Joint Another simple joint is the half-lap joint. This requires the removal of stock to exactly half of the overall thickness of the piece, in order that a similar piece can mate with it.This technique is also used in the cross-halving joint. ; Cross halving – Lap Joint The main uses for this joint are to allow two pieces of stock to cro ss such that the joint is contained within the overall thickness of the eternal. Used for structural frames. Glue alone can be used as a fixing method, or combined with screws or nails. ; Finger Joint This joint is a positive permanent strong joint when fixed using adhesive. The long length of glued area is very beneficial to the resulting strength. The in-line version is often used to produce a long length of timber / glued laminate from shorter lengths.The corner version is used for producing strong drawers boxes etc. The joint if made even stronger if the fingers are made using dovetail form ; Chipboard is an artificial wood made like MAD but from actual wood chips, hence the name. It is widely used for the structural casing of kitchen furniture and cabinets which are then covered with a laminate or wood veneer. It is also widely used for low cost sub flooring. It is only useful in sheet form and cannot be easily used or worked in any other format. Elm is valued for its interlock ing grain which gives it a high resistance to splitting, with significant uses in chair seats and coffins. Elm wood is also it quite pliant and is available in long planks due to the long, straight, trunks of the tree, For these reasons elm is favored as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm was historically used by bonders during the Middle Ages to make longbows. ; Mahogany is finely grained hard wood which is reddish brown color. It is extremely durable and resists swelling, shrinking warping and twisting.Mahogany is used extensively for high quality, expensive furniture such as wooden cabinets and veneered tables and dressers. It is also used in the construction of boats due to its high resistance to swelling and warping caused by water ; Plywood is an artificial wood that was invented during the Second World War and was primarily used to build boats and landing craft for the military. It is made from numerous thin laminates of wood glued together. Each layer is at right angle to the grain of the other to give it great strength while also allowing it to remain quite pliable.

Good Will Hunting: Movie Response

Good Will Hunting Movie Response Name: answer each questions with 1 paragraph (6 sentences) Please 1 . What is Sean Maguire's (Robin Williams) Psychological Specialization? How do you know this? What parts of the movie lead you to this conclusion? Sean Maguire specializes in talking with people who are incredibly defensive and unwilling to open up about many aspects of life. Sean could be considered a Counseling Psychologist. This becomes quite evident as their time together goes on throughout the film.Will is completely unwilling to open up in the first few sessions they have together, and shows a great deal of defensiveness. He dodges and redirects questions, and Sean goes along with it for a while. Finally, Sean actually challenges Will's weak defense mechanisms, and after a few unproductive sessions, Will begins to open up. 2. What contemporary school of psychological thought does Sean Maguire belong to? How do you know this? What parts of the movie lead you to this conclusion? 3 .What have you gained from watching the movie that you can translate into your own life? I have learned that we are all eventually trying to find our purpose in life. Some take longer than others. However, a little help and a push in the right direction helps speed up the process, unfortunately millions of people do not get that opportunity. Sadly, many spend their lives doing something that is nowhere close to what they are really meant to be doing. Unfortunately, in today's world, circumstances determine what and how you eve to live your life.We spend so much time thinking what others perceive us as that we eventually lose track of who we really are. A classroom can teach you many things life cannot. So long as you are willing to learn from everything and everyone around you. We all need genuine friends and catalysts to help us find our journey. How we respond to their advice helps speed up the process. We all need to find someone that makes us tick. In addition, never let go of t hem. It helps if they are of the opposite sex – only if that is your preference.

Product Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Packaging - Essay Example The combination of paper and plastic to package ice cream is relatively desirable, economical and convenient. The types of ice cream intended to market are creams, cones and bars. The ice cream categories include; frozen yogurt, dessert toppings, ice cream and novelties. Similarly, the sizes of the ice cream are; 3.5 oz for creams, 5.0 oz for ice cream bars and 4.5 oz for ice cream cones. These packaging materials can conform to any size and shape (Albert 16). In addition, it is essential to ensure that the packaging criteria favor all serving size options such as; retail, pints, scrounds, family and single consumers. According to the laws and regulations governing labeling in France, the labels on the food products must be visible, easy to understand, not edible and easy to see. Furthermore, the list of ingredients must be shown, the original place of the product and the storage condition. Similarly, the expiry date must be clearly indicated, and the percentage content of alcohol in the ice cream should be included. Ice cream with alcoholic content should indicate a warning (Castellani 30). In this regard, it should not be sold to persons below the age of 18, according to the minimum age as illustrated by the French law on alcohol. Various companies in France have different packaging techniques. For example, Unilever and Ben & Jerrys have to deep-frozen the ice cream after production and it takes the shape of the equipment used to freeze (Baker 24). The ice cream of this company is differentiated from those of its competitors since the company uses packaging materials that conform to different shapes and

Financial Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Analysis - Coursework Example They also state that the market value is not determined by the dividend policy. In relation to the irrelevance of dividends, two theorems are applied; these are Modigliani-Miller approach and residual theory (Thompson & Mathew 82). Q2. The major assumption behind the residual income valuation model is the clean surplus relationship, that stresses the relationship among book value per share, dividends and earnings: BV1 = BV0 + EPS1 - D1. It means that all the accounting profits and distribution to shareholders can be explained by changes in the book value. Another assumption is that the ohslon model comes from the information dynamics that brings together current information to future residual income. Consistent with Ohlson’s information dynamics it is found out that residual empirical research income follows a mean reverting process. In conclusion Ohlson’s formulation of the residual income valuation model provides an economical structure for incorporating information i n earnings, book value and income forecasts. The fact that there are no taxes or difference in tax rates is another major assumption made. The book value of equity uses the clean surplus approach that states earnings and net dividends modify book equity. The future residual income is overcome by the use of the equation below V0 = B0 + ?(RIt / (1 + r)t) = B0 + ? ((Et - r x Bt-1) / (1 + r)t) where V0 - value of a company's stock. B0 - present book value per share. Bt - book value per share at the end of period t. r - cost of equity. Et - future EPS for period t. RIt - residual income per share for period t. Q3. Francis and Schipper realized that in recent times, the value relevance of accounting information has been under constant scrutiny by the stock market researchers and set out to test it. Another test that they made use of is that of investigating the relationship between a set of independent accounting variables and security price dependent variable. In order, to extend their t ests to account for change in relevance over time, they made use of linear regression, which was an estimation technique that determined the value relevance of accounting data. Q4. The property of timeliness is an important role in accrual accounting since it aligns the expense recognition and timing of revenue. Accountants produce an earnings variable by adding accruals to operating cash. Conservatism is defined as the asymmetry between loss and gain recognition. Loss accruals are important in that they allow management compensation; determine earnings quality and improving the usefulness of financial statements generally. Journal of Accounting and Economics clearly outlines the effects of international institutional features on the accounting income properties as follows. The international differences in demand for accounting directly affect change in market value over time. Asymmetry by public disclosure is characterized by the stakeholders and shareholders governance models of c ommon and code law countries. Litigation, regulation and taxation cause variations within the common Law countries. The value strategies include low price to book ratio, buying low stocks and low price to cash flow ratio stocks. The major finding of these strategies is that it is a successful investment strategy in that the value stocks outperform the whole market and growth stocks. Q5. Lakonishok, Shleifer and

AnimeMethod and Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AnimeMethod and Meaning - Essay Example The substance of this prose will analyze the production and narrative of the anime in light of eminent feature Anime films and series. One of the greatest treasures in the world of Japanese anime is Studio Ghibli and their master creator, Hayao Miyazaki. His anime like spirited away, Nausicaa of the valley of the wind and Mononoke Hime are one of the great anime features that define almost every individual’s childhood. These anime consisted of fantastic animation, with vibrant color schemes and used computer graphics. Studio Ghibli even defied some of the norms set by their very own animation industry. The characters in Studio Ghibli anime had proportionate eyes as opposed to the extremely over-sized eyes in other mainstream anime and also the hair color of the characters was close to what was natural unless the character had a supernatural origin. The end result was that the animation style was smooth and had a very intense, life-like feel to it. One of the most recurring sub -genres in almost all of Miyazaki anime was the concept of steampunk. Steampunk is a cinematic concept that shows the use of steam-powered machines rather than the use of sophisticated technology. For Miyazaki, the use of Steampunk was meant to juxtapose east with west and man with nature, because steam power is generated using coal that is extracted from the earth. Moreover, it is a viable method of creating machinery but there are alternate power sources as well that the West had come up with and the anime tried to explore the aspect of Japan trying to catch up with their western counterparts. (Shaner 2011) All three of the aforementioned anime went on to gain critical acclaim, but it was not the production style that caught the audience’s but it was the amazing storyline that went with it. All three of these anime were metaphors for some important events and controversies that had grabbed the entire world. Mononoke Hime is about a girl Mononoke raised by wolves who fights to protect the forest, and another sub-plot involves Prince Ashitaka, who has been poisoned by possessed boar and then sets out to save the spirit of nature. The film was ranked high because of its deep message regarding environment preservation and has taken inspiration from many historical incidents. Most notably, the anime feature hits upon the use of Atomic bomb and other destructive weapons that not only destroy life but the world we live in as well. Moreover, the movie was also a metaphorical representation of the struggle by the Japanese government to have a more balanced approach for the environment and rapid modernization. The event gained media attention after the announcement regarding the construction of Narita Airport. There was a huge furor particularly from the agricultural sector and the farmer, who strongly opposed the construction project. (Selin & Kalland 2003, 178) Naturally, the biggest concern for the people and activists was the environment and even though, th e government had suppressed all sorts of rebellion from the farmers but the activists did try to sabotage the project all throughout the 70’s (Selin & kalland 2003, 178). Therefore, Princess Mononoke was a loose adaptation of the events that transpired during the 70’s and the forest creatures, and the titular character and Prince Ashitaka represented the farmers and activists

A Simulated Research Study Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Simulated Study - Research Paper Example This data is clustered monthly, giving 60 data sets. The analysis will determine the descriptive statistics for the two sets of share data, determine the correlation and regression between the data and use a t-test to test for significance. Finally, the paper will explain the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the two sets of data. The first part of the paper will present an introduction to the two companies and provide an overview of the statistical techniques to be used. The paper will then provide an explanation for the methods used in collecting the data, after which the methodology for the paper is explained. The paper will then present the results of the analysis, followed by an analysis of each statistic in the summary outputs presented in the paper. Table of Contents Name i Abstract ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Data Collection 3 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Descriptive Statistics 5 Correlation 6 Regression 6 T-test 7 ANOVA 7 Discussion 8 Introduction The sof t drinks industry is an industry that has the biggest competitive presence in the global industry. Currently, the industry is dominated by two main players; The Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Company Limited. These two companies operate in the global market, and are known to be the biggest companies in the soft drinks market. ... The comparison of the two companies’ share prices will also help in determining the relationship between the share prices of the two companies, whether the change in share prices for the two companies are in any way related. In this case, a set of descriptive statistics will be used to determine whether either company is better than the other. This analysis will also determine the correlation between the operations of the two companies, the regression between their share prices, a t-test to test for independence and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). These tests will help in determining the relationship between the share prices of the two companies and the performance of each company in relation to the other. Since the two companies are competitors, it is expected that one company performs better than the other company, but that their prices be positively correlated since they operate in the same industry, so are mostly affected by the same factors. Methodology Data Collection A s already stated, the company will be done using share prices for Coca Cola and PepsiCo for the last five years of operations. The data for this simulated research study will be collected from Yahoo! Finance, where the date collected will be monthly data from 2007 to 2012. The data will be collected from May 1, 2007 to May 1, 2012, which gives 61 data sets for each company. The use of 61 data points is done to avoid short-term effects of market interplay factors like unexpected events in the financial periods of each company. The data collected for each company is displayed in the following table: Date Coke Pepsi Date Coke Pepsi 5/1/2007 50.32 59.25 11/2/2009 45.32 57.67 6/1/2007 45.72 56.54 12/1/2009 51.71 56.75 7/2/2007 47.36

MHE507 - Bio-Terrorism Module 4 - Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MHE507 - Bio-Terrorism Module 4 - Case - Essay Example edness has increased comparatively from the pre-9/11 period, the present state of preparedness of the public health system is such that it would not be able to cope with a catastrophe, like a bio-terrorist attack, were it to happen today (Barclay 2009). This gap in bioterrorism preparedness is underpinned by less than adequate political and economic support to the public health system. The 9/11 incident gave birth to frantic legislative activities that mainly broached, unsurprisingly, on terrorism prevention and preparedness. The Bush administration saw the enactment of the following: updated Title 18 of the US Code; the Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriation for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act in January 2002 which allotted $2.9 B to HHS for bioterrorism preparedness; the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (the Bioterrorism Act) which increased the country’s capability to prevent, prepare for and meet bioterrorism (Center for Biosecurity of UPMC 2009), and; the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act in 2006 which strengthened public health infrastructure. In 2001, the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSHEPA), a modern public health emergency preparedness prototype that can serve as template for state bioterrorism and other contingencies la ws, was drafted. It authorizes, among others, state and local public health agencies during catastrophic events with emergency powers. Under this model, adopted by more than 35 states, emergency powers may suspend temporarily rules and regulations that interfere with swift and effective interjurisdictional coordination or legal requirements in State business that hamper or delay rapid responses to emergencies (Roberts et al 2007). As can be gleaned, the 9/11 incident has spawned more than adequate legislative authority to combat and prevent bioterrorism. On the other hand, economic funding for

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example The lessons included identifying the dimensions of culture from the presenters’ and students’ national origin and to determine the validity of sharing or manifesting the dimensions noted, according to Hofstede’s framework. Presentation of topic (3): Convergence and Divergence in Consumer Behavior. The presenters included concepts that expounded on convergence and divergence through provision of specific consumer purchasing behavior; where apparently the behavior could be evaluated and reviewed on a macro perspective. Likewise, the concept was further explained with the assistance of delving in describing homogeneous and heterogeneous economies or that which measures a country’s level of wealth. Presentation of topic (4): Domestic Consumer Predispositions: Ethnocentrisms and Disidentification. The presenters used the theoretical concepts of ethnocentrism and concepts of consumer disidentification to make students aware of how these concerns impact global ma rketing. How One Contributed A relevant topic (1) that was presented focused on Paradoxes in Global Marketing. ... Value paradoxes are part of people’s systems; they reflect the desirable versus the desired in life† (De Mooij, 2005, p. 2). The reading therefore presented relevant concepts pertaining to paradoxes in global marketing especially in the following topics: the global-local paradox, technology paradox, media paradox, and explicitly explained paradoxes in marketing theory. Therefore, one’s contribution in this module would be in terms of relaying one of the global paradoxes learned from De Mooij which could include paradoxes in consumer trends or the global advertising paradox (De Mooij, 2005). On the topic (2) of Dimensions of Culture, one contributed through likewise determining the dimensions from one’s cultural orientation. As verified and supported from the information using online link, for instance for Saudi Arabia as the country of origin, one found information that supports one’s cultural practices and norms (Anon., n.d.). Thus, to make the disc ussion more interesting, the same online link provides options to compare the cultural dimensions in one’s country of origin to that of another. For instance, the dimensions of culture in Saudi Arabia’s country could be compared with the dimensions of culture in the United States. The results revealed that these countries manifested significant disparities in the dimension of individualism and power distance; while both countries seem to be on equal footing in the dimension of masculinity (Anon., n.d.). One’s contribution for topic (3), Convergence and Divergence in Consumer Behavior stems from the reading of (De Mooij, 2003). From the article, it was learned that â€Å"effectiveness in marketing means adapting to cultural values†¦ Countries can now be compared by means of

Project Design & Implementationect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Design & Implementationect - Assignment Example The field is then converted back to the electric power that then utilized. There are two categories of the power techniques (Tesla and Childress, 2010). These power techniques include radiative and non-radiative. The non-radiative techniques apply the mechanism where the power is transmitted or transferred over very short distances through the magnetic fields by use of inductive coupling techniques between the wire coils. The application of this technology is applied in chargers of toothbrush, smart cards, RFID tags, and the chargers of the medical devices that are implanted such as the cardiac peacemakers and the inductive charging and powering of vehicles. The primary focus is come up with a wireless system that can recharge the handheld gadgets and mobile devices like digital music players, cell phones, and portable computers, which are tethered, to a plug on the wall. The radiative technique is also referred to as the power beaming where the power is transferred by the mechanism of the beams of radiation of the electromagnetic. This aspect applies to the microwaves and laser beams. The technique can transmit energy to longer distances as compared to the non-radiative technique. The energy should always be aimed at the receiver. The applications that are proposed for this technique are in the use of solar power satellites and can be utilized in the drone aircraft that are wireless powered. A crucial issue that is associated with the wireless systems of the power is the limiting the peoples exposure and the living things that might come into the path of the radiation. The radiation contains potentially harmful effects. Many engineers and designers have faced significant challenges that have involved the power. Some of the challenges are the continuity of the power supply, optimizing the sensor locations, battery recharging

Reading and Writing Essay Example for Free

Reading and Writing Essay Learning how to read back in 1970 is quite different from learning how to read in the world we live in today. Learning to read was somewhat difficult for me as a child. We didnt have the fancy reading tools back in the day, such as: Hooked on Phonics or Phonemic Awareness. Looking back over my life, I can remember when I was in the first grade, about six or seven years old and I brought home my first report card. On my report card my teacher pointed out an area of weakness in reading. I can still hear my father saying â€Å"Susie are you having trouble reading? † I would respond as any typical six year old child would do by shrugging my shoulders and saying â€Å"I dont know. † My father was a concerned parent and wanted to help his child. He didnt want to see me struggle in school nor did he want to see me fall behind. My father was determined he was going to help me improve my reading skills and by doing so my reading grade would improve also. So therefore, my father set up a strategy plan. Every evening after school my father and I would sit down at the dinner table and work on improving my reading skills. His first step was to see if I could sound out all the letters of the alphabet. Once he realized I was able to sound out all letters in the alphabet, his next step was to determine if I could sound out all the vowels: long, short and house top vowels too. The third step was to begin sounding out small words such as: the, cat, red, run, ran, like etc. Once I began to get comfortable reading on my own while my father prepared dinner for my two brothers and I, he would have me to sit at the dinner table and read aloud to him fifteen minutes each day. Eventually with with all the hard work and dedication my reading skills gradually improved. After all, they say practice makes perfect. As I grew older I started enjoying reading much more than I ever realized. I had to find out what type of books and magazines I enjoyed reading. In other words, I had to find my reading niche. I enjoy reading books like Mama, How Stella got her Grove Back, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, A Day Late and a Dollar Short by Terry McMillan. Reading can be very enjoyable, relaxing and mind stimulating as well. Reading exercises our brain. One can self improve while gaining experience from other people by reading. Reading is knowledge and power. Reading teaches children about the world around them. Reading develops a child’s imagination. Now that I have returned to college, reading and writing is a common part of everyday life. Every semester I have had several different assignments that required reading and writing skills. I have had to do an essay, public speaking presentations which involved reading and writing. Reading is very important because one can explore themselves to new things. One can also self improve while gaining experience from other people. Reading can be used for connecting your brain and it can also boost ones imagination and creativity. Reading exercises ones brain. Many factors play a vital role in a child’s growth and development. Reading develops a child’s imagination. Children who read do better at school. Reading relaxes the body and calms the mind. Reading is a great source of entertainment. This is an important point because these days we seem to have forgotten how to relax and especially how to be silent. In almost everything we do reading and writing is a vital part of our everyday lives.

Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases

Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases ONG SUAN LING Liver Failure The liver is responsible for regulatory, detoxification, metabolic and synthetic activities. Liver cell known as hepatocyte, is responsible for about 500 or more specific biologic processes [2]. Liver failure occurs when large parts of the liver become damaged and the liver is dysfunction [1]. Liver failure occurs over many years and gradually. However, the acute liver failure is difficult to detect initially and occurs rapidly (as rapid as 48 hours) [1]. Chronic liver failure is caused by excessive alcohol intake, Hepatitis B or C, malnutrition, Hemochromatosis (body absorb and store too much iron) and cirrhosis (irreversible inflammatory disease) [2]. Figure 1 show the stages of liver damage which eventually lead to cirrhosis. Liver Hepatitis Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C is the most common hepatitis which can lead to the liver damage caused by their chronic forms. Viral hepatitis is cleared from the body in a period ranging from weeks to months, by the immune system but when it is not as seen in chronic hepatitis, the disease must be managed medically [5]. Hepatitis can also be brought on by excess alcohol consumption or inherited (congenital hepatitis)[5]. When hepatitis left untreated, it can damage the liver over many years, eventually resulting in cirrhosis [5]. Liver Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a condition in which normal, healthy hepatocyte are damaged and replaced by nodular and fibrotic tissue. A cirrhosis-damaged liver can cause decreased hepatic function and widespread disruption of many body functions [3]. For cirrhosis, the biliary channels become obstructed and caused portal hypertension. The hypoxic necrosis is developed as a result of blood circulation is shunted away from the liver (due to neovascularisation) [4] Figure 2 shows the normal appearance of the cells of the liver, compared to cells of cirrhotic livers. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) Hepatopulmonary syndrome is the clinical relationship between hepatic dysfunction and the existence of pulmonary vascular dilatation which can result in a range of arterial oxygenation abnormalities [6]. HPS is defined by the presence of chronic liver disease; abnormal arterial oxygenation or an arterial partial pressure of oxygen in the absence of an alternate cause; and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs) [7] Pathophysiology Hepatopulmonary syndrome occurs mostly in patients who have established cirrhosis and portal hypertension [8]. From a pathophysiological point of view, abnormal intrapulmonary vascular dilatation is linked to portal hypertension, which in itself leads to altered bowel perfusion and an increased rate of enteral translocation of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin. This process in turn stimulates the release of vasoactive mediators, which include tumour necrosis factor, haem-oxygenase-derived carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. The increased production of nitric oxide in the lung plays a central part in the pathogenesis of the hepatopulmonary syndrome [8]. Increased concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide are positively correlated with the increase of alveoloarterial oxygen difference. The constitutive and the inducible isoforms of nitricoxide synthase have been implicated in this process. In addition, the endothelin system, especially abnormal activation and increased expression of endothelial type B endothelin receptors, is implicated in the pathogenesis of the hepatopulmonary syndrome [8]. In patients who have pulmonary hypertension, endothelin predominantly exerts vasoconstrictive and mitogenic effects due to activation of type A and type B endothelin receptors on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells [8]. (Refer to figure 3) Figure 3 show in presence of portal hypertension, hepatic production occurs of endothelin-1 and expression of endothelial type B receptors, but no type A receptors increase in pulmonary vasculature. Signaling via endothelially expressed endothelin B receptor leads to increase NO production by eNOS, with the overall effect of pulmonary vascular dilatation. Below is how defective synthesis and metabolism of pulmonary vasoactive substance lead to intrapulmonary Vasodilation. Due to the vasodilation and development of shunt, the blood flow is not uniform leading to ventilatation-pefusion mismatch and also restricts the oxygen molecules to reach the centre of the capillaries and hemoglobin in the erythrocyte [9]. (Refer to figure 4) Figure 4: Ventilation-perfusion mismatches the oxygen reach the capillaries and blood. The nonuniform perfusion blood flow may lead to the formation of functional intrapulmonary vascular dilations which is the major cause of hypoxemia and the defining feature of HPS [9]. The hyperdynamic circulation as well as the increased cardiac output which associated with liver disease reduces the transit time of blood in the lung vasculature, thus the time available for the oxygen diffusion is reduced. This in turn contributes to the hypoxemia [9]. HPS also caused a decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) as a result of the inability of oxygen molecules to diffuse to the center of the dilated pulmonary capillaries to oxygenate the haemoglobin in the erythrocytes [8]. Figure 5 shows illustration of precapillary pulmonary vascular dilatations. On the other hand, the increasing of alveolar PO2 with supplement oxygen may increase the blood arterial PO2 and improve the hypoxemia [8]. HPS patients have been reported to have decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and decreased hypoxic pulmonary vascular constriction [8]. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is generally occurs in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension [10]. HRS is characterised by major disturbances in circulatory function and renal failure [10]. Intense vasoconstriction of the renal circulation has resulted in renal failure [10]. The HRS is the final consequence of extreme underfilling of the arterial circulation secondary to arterial vasodilatation in the splanchnic vascular bed [10, 11]. The principle abnormality in the systemic circulation is low arterial pressure caused by greatly reduced total systemic vascular resistance [11]. The prognosis remains poor, particularly when there is rapidly progressive renal failure [11]. HRS occurs in the setting of cirrhosis predominantly, but it can also be developed in other types of chronic liver disease like alcoholic hepatitis. Figure 6: Proposed pathogenesis of HRS in cirrhosis, according to the arterial vasodilatation [13] The mechanism of HRS is vasoconstriction of the renal circulation is multifactorial, involving disturbance in the activity and circulatory function of systemic and renal vasoactive mechanisms [13]. There is severe arterial underfilling in the systemic circulation which is related to the portal hypertension [13]. The arterial underfilling is caused by the vasodilatation of the splanchnic circulation related to increased splanchnic production of vasodilator substances, particularly nitric oxide [17]. The increased activity of the vasoconstrictor systems caused greatly reduce in renal perfusion and GFR however tubular function is preserved [13,14,16]. The vasoconstrictor system has resulted in the retention in free water (arginine vasopressin) and retention in sodium (renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system) that occurs in advanced cirrhosis [15, 16]. In the early phases of decompensated cirrhosis, increased synthesis of renal vasodilator factors (mainly prostaglandins) caused maintenance of renal perfusion within the normal range because of [17]. In later phases of the disorder, renal perfusion cannot be maintained because maximum activation of vasoconstrictor systems caused by the extreme arterial underfilling, has decreased production of renal vasodilator factors, or both, and lead to HRS developement [17]. The activation of vasoconstrictor systems also results in vasoconstriction of some vascular beds other than the kidneys, including the legs, arms and brain. Due to the greatly increased local production of vasodilators, the splanchnic area escapes the effect of vasconstrictors [18]. References Webmd.com. (2014).Liver failure causes, symptoms, treatments, tests more. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-liver-failure [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. Vitaltherapies.com. (2014).Liver disease | vital therapies. [online] Retrieved from: http://vitaltherapies.com/liver-disease/ [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. Hn632campus.wikispaces.com. 2014.HN632campus Cirrhosis. [online] Available at: https://hn632campus.wikispaces.com/Cirrhosis [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. Buob, S., Johnston, A. N., Webster, C. R. L. (2011). Portal hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,25(2), 169-186. Livermd.org. (2014).Hepatitis cirrhosis. [online] Retrieved from: http://livermd.org/hepatitis.html [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. Krowka, M. J., Cortese, D. A. (1994). Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Current concepts in diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.CHEST Journal,105(5), 1528-1537. Fritz, J. S., Fallon, M. B., Kawut, S. M. (2013). Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver Disease.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(2), 133-143 Hoeper, M. M., Krowka, M. J., Strassburg, C. P. (2004). Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome.The Lancet,363(9419), 1461-1468 Zhang, J., Fallon, M. B. (2012). Hepatopulmonary syndrome: update on pathogenesis and clinical features.Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology,9(9), 539-549. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2014).Hepatorenal syndrome national library of medicine pubmed health. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001519/ [Accessed: 12 Jan 2014]. Emedicine.medscape.com. (2014).Medscape: medscape access. [online] Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178208-overview#a0104 [Accessed: 11 Jan 2014]. Ginà ¨s, P., Guevara, M., Arroyo, V., Rodà ©s, J. (2003). Hepatorenal syndrome.The Lancet,362(9398), 1819-1827. Arroyo, V., Ginà ¨s, P., Gerbes, A. L., Dudley, F. J., Gentilini, P., Laffi, G., Schà ¶lmerich, J. (1996). Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis.Hepatology,23(1), 164-176. Arroyo, V., Guevara, M., Ginà ¨s, P. (2002). Hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathogenesis and treatment.Gastroenterology,122(6), 1658-1676. Schrier, R. W., Arroyo, V., Bernardi, M., Epstein, M., Henriksen, J. H., Rodà ©s, J. (1988). Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis.Hepatology,8(5), 1151-1157. Schrier, R. W., Niederberger, M., Weigert, A., Ginà ¨s, P. (1994). Peripheral arterial vasodilatation: determinant of functional spectrum of cirrhosis. InSeminars in liver disease(Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 14-22). Martin, P. Y., Ginà ¨s, P., Schrier, R. W. (1998). Nitric oxide as a mediator of hemodynamic abnormalities and sodium and water retention in cirrhosis.New England Journal of Medicine,339(8), 533-541. Angeli, P., Merkel, C. (2008). Pathogenesis and management of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis.Journal of hepatology,48, S93-S103.

Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed Essay -- Argumentative P

Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. ... corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. -- Abraham Lincoln These days more and more of the corporate powers are migrating in search of cheap labor and huge profits, carrying away with them the primary sources of living of many people. As we saw in Roger and Me, General Motors replaced it’s Flint plant to open new ones in Mexico, laying off 30,000 workers in the process. Flint quickly turned into a 'ghost' town with poverty taking its toll on the common people. The rich got richer, while the poor became poorer. By this time the conditions had become so bad that the Money Magazine described Flint as the worst American city to live in. John Grisham (My Turn: Somewhere For Everyo...

Maya Angelou :: Biography Biographies Essays

Maya Angelou "I had decided that St. Louis was a foreign country. In my mind I had only stayed there for a few weeks. As quickly as I understood that I had not reached my home, I sneaked away to Robin's Hood's Forest and the caves of Alley Oop where all reality was unreal and even that changed my day. I carried the same shield that I had used in Stamps: 'I didn't come to stay.'" In Maya Angelou's autobiographical novel, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", tender-hearted Marguerite Johnson, renamed Maya by her refined brother Bailey, discovers all of the splendors and agonies of growing up in a prejudiced, early twentieth century America. Rotating between the slow country life of Stamps, Arkansas and the fast-pace societies in St. Louis, Missouri and San Francisco, California taught Maya several random aspects of life while showing her segregated America from coast to coast. When Maya was three years old, her beautiful and successful mother sent her and Bailey from California to Stamps to stay in the care of their grandmother, Mrs. Annie Henderson. Soon thought of as their real mother, "Momma" raised her grandchildren with the strict Southern principles such as, "wash your feet before you go to bed; always pray to the savior and you shall be forgiven; chores and school come before play; and help those in need and you shall be helped yourself." Bearing those basic principles, Maya and Bailey grew older and wiser in Stamps, each year watching the Negro cotton-pickers come and go with the burdens and homage comparable to no white person in the county. However, one day their father rode extravagantly into Stamps and called for his children to return home with him to St. Louis. Bailey, an adventurer eager to leave the quaint, simple family life in Arkansas, agreed immediately, but "tender-hearted" Maya was frightened by the idea of big cities and strange people. In St. Louis, where she was presented an entirely different lifestyle, Maya experienced harrowing moments that caused her yearning for the quiet safety of Stamps. Her "Mother Dear's" boyfriend, Mr. Freeman, sexually abused her twice, and when she testified in court against him, the "important connections" her mother had to the gangsters in St. Louis beat Mr. Freeman to death to disburden the shame from the family. In court, Maya lied, saying that he only touched her once, and the guilt of lying to her closest friend, her brother Bailey, cause Maya to mute herself.

Which level of government should take the lead?

In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first in stance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, chea per government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution. References: Longley, Robert. â€Å"Federalism: National Vs. State Government.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 . Webmaster. â€Å"The Handbook of Texas Online.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 .

Evaluate and Reflect Upon Practice in Early Years Settings in Supporting Children’s Social Development

This rationale will discuss the issues around gender and whether or not as parents, teachers or practitioners we influence children into their gender identity or whether it is inherent within our genetic makeup. I will be evaluating the complexities of my role as a practitioner in supporting children’s social development and reflecting upon how I could improve and modify my practice. There are differing views when it comes to defining gender. Some use gender to focus on biological differences such as sex, physical differences or hormones (Guarian 2002: 20).Others refer to ‘gender’ as the social constructions of masculinity and femininity (ATL 2004: 9 and Francis et al 2005: 73) meaning boys’ and girls’ behaviours and attitudes, which are not necessarily fixed by their biological make up. There is therefore a need to realise that ‘gender’ can be and often is regularly an interchangeable term that can be suited to both of these definitions . Kohlberg (1966) in (Harris and Butterworth 2002) suggests that there are three stages of gender identity beginning around the age of two to three years.The first stage is Gender Identity, where children become aware of sex. A child will say ‘I am a boy’ for example but not necessarily know what being a boy means. The second stage is Gender Stability which happens around the ages of three and a half to four and a half years old. In this stage children will develop awareness and understanding of the durability of their own gender and of others, this is generally focused on the physical appearance and a child may think that a person who dresses in typically opposite gender clothing has also changed sex (Emmerich et al 1977 in Harris and Butterworth 2002).The third of Kohlberg’s stages is Gender Consistency. This usually happens around the age of four and a half and upwards and this is when children begin to realise that regardless of their appearance people remain male or female. When looking at gender within education, there is a need to consider what effect it has on a child’s achievement. The DfES (2007: 1) states that there is a gender gap within English, Maths and Science from Foundation Stage through to Key Stage Three, where girls are outperforming boys.The attention on gender and children’s achievement has been present both within the media and schools for many years. Recently this emphasis has been geared towards the underachievement of boys. Siraj-Blactchford (2001: 72) in (Sharp et al 2006) states: Recently we have heard a good deal in education debates about (working class) boys’ underachievement. The results from the school league- tables suggest some boys do underachieve in basic literacy. This is portrayed by the media as ‘failing’ and suggests that girls are outperforming boys in education.It may not necessarily be that boys have a low achievement rate, rather it could be that they are simply not yet reaching their full potential (Warrington et al 2006: 39). I feel therefore the media has over inflated the idea that boys are underachieving. Instead of focusing on the failure, the emphasis on underachievement here should be looking at which boys (or girls) are not reaching their full potential. From my experience I have seen that teachers and practitioners also act in ways that maintain and maybe even extend the gender roles that are taught at home.It seems they often emphasise gender distinction with labelling that promotes gender stereotyping. It seems that boys do get more attention than girls, whether it is good or bad, as teachers generally seem to think that because a girl is quiet they do not need their attention. Francis et al (2005: 92) reiterates the idea that boys’ underachievement is due to feminisation and female teachers however within my setting there are five male teachers and two male teaching assistants.I feel that this has a good impact on some of the children. In today’s society there is not always a mother and father within the family environment. There is an increase of fathers being absent within the child’s life. Having so many male teachers within my setting has encouraged children to see that it is acceptable to participate in what children perceive as stereotypical activities and even enjoy them without being teased by their peers.Stetsenko et al (2000) states that male and female brains differ from each other suggesting that boys generally excel in spatial tasks such as sport and girls are generally better academically. According to Blum et al, (1989: 16) boys’ brains have more cortical areas dedicated to the spatial mechanical functioning and they use on average only half the brain that females use for verbal – emotive functioning which essentially means that females are predominately seen as better talkers and listeners and males are doers.Having worked for nearly ten years in childca re and education and being a parent myself I have also realised that boys and girls do behave in different ways Mothers and Fathers are responsible for the initial gender socialisation of their children. As suggested by Bowlby (1969) in (Johnston and Nahmad- Williams 2009) family is the first and most important influence on a child’s social development. Many of a child’s early family experiences shape their initial motivations, values and beliefs.Bandura’s social learning theory (1963) suggests that boys learn how to behave from observing and imitating masculine behaviours especially from their fathers and girls learn from imitating their mothers. When children imitate same sex behaviours they are rewarded but imitating the opposite sex may result in threat or even punishment (Bandura 1963). This behaviour is mainly displayed by fathers when they come to pick up their sons and find them playing dress up or pushing a pram.This is a barrier that is still on-going within my setting but only with the fathers. Mothers do not seem to have a problem with this type of behaviour. I explain that the boys are only expressing themselves and generally not acting in a stereotypical way but having fun with the situation whereas when a girl dresses up she tends to pretend to be a mother figure. What the fathers do not tend to see is that although the boy is playing with the pram he is using it in a way that would not usually be displayed by a female.Even before a child is born and when parents know the sex of their child there is a tendency to buy and receive toys and clothes in either pink for a girl or blue for a boy. This is reinforced when the child is born and the hospital attaches either a blue or a pink wristband depending on the sex of the child. Research shows differences in the ways that boys and girls are treated by caregivers from the moment of birth. According to Archer and Lloyd (1982) baby boys are handled less gently by their caregivers be ing bounced and roughhoused, whereas baby girls are generally talked and sung to.It is suggested by Gervai et al (1995) and Woods et al (2001) that fathers more than mothers encourage â€Å"gender-appropriate† behaviour, and they place more pressure to achieve on sons than on daughters. In the early years parents are more likely to undertake activities such as drawing, reading books and singing with girls than boys (Siraj-Blatchford and Sammons 2004). I feel that only having a son I cannot make a fully informed judgement on this statement however I do feel that within my setting I allow girls to engage in rough and tumble play as much as the boys do.I feel that this is an important part of their social development. I also encourage all children to participate in more creative activities such as painting, cooking and making things. Through the growing process of a child, the toys that are given to them begin to define whether or not they are going to be typically and strongly masculine or feminine. Girls will generally play with dolls while boys choose cars and trucks (Kanazawa 2008) which suggests that maybe boys’ and girls’ toy preferences may have a biological origin.Studies with Vervet monkeys in 2002 showed the same sex typical preference as humans yet there was no influence from humans and they had not seen the toys before. What was even more remarkable was that the monkeys knew how to play with the toys in the same way a child would. Kanazawa (2008) states: It is becoming less and less likely that â€Å"gender socialisation† is the reason why boys and girls prefer different toys, and more and more likely that there are some genetic, hormonal, and other biological reasons for the observed sex differences in toy preference.The media also plays a role in gender socialisation and impacts on children’s play from an early age (Burke 2006). Parents of a girl would be more likely to put on programmes such as â€Å"My Little Po ny† and ‘Dora the Explorer’, whereas parents of a boy might show their child ‘Bob the Builder’ or ‘Postman Pat’. When a child is sitting in front of the television, they often see commercials with ladies either cooking or shopping and men working, driving or lifting. I feel that this portrays a universal image of what society thinks is right for males and females to do.Discussions with children have led me to believe that within their family environment it seems to be that mothers are now working longer hours than was the norm and fathers are spending more and more time taking care of their children and also carrying out tasks typically known as female roles by preparing food and going shopping. Through observation in my setting this seems to be the case. Sweden is unique in the value it places on gender equality (Berk 2006).They state that both genders are equal in the workforce, childcare and the home environment and men and women have the same rights including paternity leave and pay. According to several indicators the Swedish family model is very successful (Berk 2006). I feel that the United Kingdom is working towards the same model but because of all the old traditions that man has continued over the decades in the U. K. I feel that as a society we are less likely to let go and that it is up to the individual to form their own gender identity.Experience with children, wider reading and lectures in college have led me to develop the opinion that there are numerous influences on children regarding their gender identity and that there is a need for staff to be appropriately trained to enable them to meet the needs of both boys and girls. I feel that practitioners can be gender biased and may be likely to make general assumptions regarding gender issues. These assumptions would be stereotypes in themselves even though they are required to treat each child as an individual (Bignold 2006).Having this knowledge has helped me to develop my setting by having exciting resources which engage and motivate both individuals and gender groups. I feel this can have a positive impact on what children choose to take part in and help children step away from what they have been told is right for boys and girls. The design and layout of my setting is very important. It creates an environment where children can decide what and who they wish to play with by offering complete freedom of choice as far as toys and activities are concerned.This encourages a non-stereotypical environment in which boys and girls can interact comfortably and self-assuredly. It seems that nurseries, schools and the media are putting one gender against the other when it comes to academic levels. This has only highlighted an equality issue with regards to the differing achievement between genders. I feel that this emphasis needs to move away from comparing achievements according to gender but to focus on which children are underachievi ng in terms of both attainment and reaching their full potential.I feel that in order for me as a practitioner to achieve gender equality within my setting I need to make myself and my colleagues aware of any preconceptions I or they may hold. It is also vital that I create an environment and ethos where gender is not an issue. Children regardless of their gender are to be viewed and treated as individuals and given equal opportunities and experiences. Where the opportunities to access all areas of the curriculum are the same and gender stereotypes are challenged and deconstructed, it will become possible to move away from comparing gender gaps and focus on individual achievements instead. .

Water for Elephants

The story follows Jacob Jankowski who was an old man living in a nursing home, as he looks back about a time that defined his life. In the 1930’s, 23-year-old Jacob’s life changed drastically. One minute he was finishing his Veterinarian degree at Cornell and planning to follow his father in the family business. The next his parents passed away in a car wreck, turning his world upside down. Jacob walked out of his final exams and hopped town, climbing on the first train he could. He quickly found out that it was no ordinary train. It belonged to the Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth, a travelling circus. With no financial prospects and no place to go, Jacob landed a job as the show’s veterinarian. Travelling with the circus had its ups and downs. He had a place to stay, food to eat and animals to look after. But his sleeping quarters were with the horses and a cranky clown, and money was never guaranteed. Jacob’s superior, August, seemed like a nice guy. But his true colors came out when times got tough. And worst of all, Jacob fell in love with the beautiful performer Marlena, who just happened to be August’s wife. Number of Pages: 325 Setting and Time Era of Novel: Story takes place in a traveling circus and is in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. Character #1 Name: Jacob Jankowski Role in the Novel: Jacob is the narrator through the whole story who talks about his life in a circus. Description: In Water for Elephants there are two parts to Jacob Jankowski, one when he is older and the other when he is younger. The older Jacob Jankowski, 90 or 93 years old, relates his experiences with the ‘Benzini Brothers Circus’, back in 1931, to Charlie, a present day Circus manager. The younger Jacob is a 23-year-old young man who must leaves his studies, as a Cornell University veterinary student, after losing both of his parents in a car accident. Out of desperation and grief over his loss he jumps onto a train that happens to house the ‘Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth’, thus beginning his involvement with the circus. After his involvement in the circus Jacob starts to fall in love with Marlena who is married to the circus head animal trainer, August. Character #2 Name: Marlena Rosenbluth Role in the Novel: Marlena is married to August who is the head animal trainer for the ‘Benzini Brothers Circus’ and is also the star performer in the circus shows. Description: Marlena is the star performer of the Benzini Brothers circus. She married August Rosenbluth, against her parents’ wishes, and ran off with him to join the circus. Marlena endures her husband’s unusual behavior, which is not always the most pleasing in any way but eventually finds comfort with Jacob after they form a bond with Rosie the circus’ new elephant. Character #3 Name: August Rosenbluth Description: August is Marlena’s husband and the head animal trainer. He is alternately charming and brutal, both to the humans and animals aboard the Benzini Brothers train. Later in the book, it is explained that he is a paranoid schizophrenic. Themes and motifs: The book, Water for Elephants, has a symbolic study of human need for love and acceptance. The primary symbols are revealed through unique characters that struggle to feed deep internal desires. Rosie, the elephant, is a big and powerful symbol. More than just being a performing animal, Rosie reflects the desperation of so many Americans during the Great depression. Being in the hands of August, Rosie lives a passionless life. When she reaches for more, drinking the sweet circus lemonade that she craves rather than the water that she requires for sustenance, she is beaten into submission. August’s cruel message is clear that the circus is no place for independent passions. Symbols: Water – A symbol of purification, which is portrayed many times. Before Jacob jumps on the train the book states: When I first submerged my feet into frigid water, they hurt so badly I yanked them out again. I persisted, dunking them for longer and longer periods, until the cold finally blistered. † ?Train tracks – Are a symbol of choosing one's direction in life. For instance, the book states: â€Å"This is so odd†¦ I'm running beside a moving train in the middle of nowhere†. Their Society and Culture: In Wa ter for Elephants, the society and culture is pretty much exactly how it was in the 30’s. Because it was the time of the Great Depression, people did everything they could to make their lives happy. Book Review: I personally loved everything about this book! Other readers may find themselves churning through this book at a quick pace, eager to see what lies ahead, and then slowing down as they realize the book is coming to and end. Or at least that’s what I was doing. Water for Elephants is a book that can be read over and over again, recommended and handed off between friends; it begs to be discussed and mulled over. With lines of startling beauty, haunting and graphic scenes and finely drawn characters that dance off the page, readers can dip in and out of the novel, immersing themselves in Jacob's memories. The book is a beautifully written and extensively researched story, and is often surprising and funny. I highly recommend Water for Elephants if you’re looking for an enchanting story with adventures that place the reader alongside Jacob and his wild transfer into adulthood. Definitely a must read! Summary of the Novel: Water for Elephants, written by Sara Gruen, tells the story of a man named Jacob Jankowski, who leaves his life as a Cornell University veterinary student after losing both his parents in a car accident, and jumps onto a train that happens to house the Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth. After a short confrontation with Blackie, a bouncer that stops stowaways, and Camel, a limp old worker, promising him a job and an audience with Uncle, the ringmaster, Jacob decides to stay aboard the train. Since his parents have died in an automobile accident, and he has not a home to call his own, he decides to remain with the circus. Jacob is employed as the show’s veterinarian and he faces a number of challenges in dealing with the head trainer, August, while also learning how to function in the hierarchy of the circus and falling in love with August's wife, Marlena. Jacob Jankowski, a ninety year-old man who lives in a nursing home, tells the story as a series of memories. As the memories begin, Jacob Jankowski is twenty-three years old and preparing for his final exams as a Cornell University veterinary student when he receives the news that his parents were killed in a car accident. Jacob’s father was a veterinarian and Jacob had planned to join his practice. When Jacob learns that his father was deeply in debt because he had been treating animals for free as well as mortgaging the family home to provide Jacob an Ivy League education, he has a breakdown and leaves school just short of graduation. In the dark of night, he jumps on a train only to learn it is a circus train. When the owner of the circus, Uncle Al, learns of his training as a vet, he is hired to care for the circus animals. The head trainer, August, is a brutal man who abuses the animals in his care as well as the people around him. Alternately, he can be utterly charming. Jacob develops a guarded relationship with August and his wife, Marlena, with whom Jacob falls in love. August is suspicious of their relationship and beats Marlena and Jacob. Marlena subsequently leaves August, which is the precipitating event leading to the ultimate demise of the Benzini Brothers circus. As the story climaxes, several circus workers who were red lighted off the train come back and release the animals causing a stampede during the performance. In the ensuing panic, August is killed. As a result of this incident, which occurred during a circus performance, the circus is shut down. Marlena and Jacob leave, along with several circus animals, and begin their life together. Water for Elephants The story follows Jacob Jankowski who was an old man living in a nursing home, as he looks back about a time that defined his life. In the 1930’s, 23-year-old Jacob’s life changed drastically. One minute he was finishing his Veterinarian degree at Cornell and planning to follow his father in the family business. The next his parents passed away in a car wreck, turning his world upside down. Jacob walked out of his final exams and hopped town, climbing on the first train he could. He quickly found out that it was no ordinary train. It belonged to the Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth, a travelling circus. With no financial prospects and no place to go, Jacob landed a job as the show’s veterinarian. Travelling with the circus had its ups and downs. He had a place to stay, food to eat and animals to look after. But his sleeping quarters were with the horses and a cranky clown, and money was never guaranteed. Jacob’s superior, August, seemed like a nice guy. But his true colors came out when times got tough. And worst of all, Jacob fell in love with the beautiful performer Marlena, who just happened to be August’s wife. Number of Pages: 325 Setting and Time Era of Novel: Story takes place in a traveling circus and is in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. Character #1 Name: Jacob Jankowski Role in the Novel: Jacob is the narrator through the whole story who talks about his life in a circus. Description: In Water for Elephants there are two parts to Jacob Jankowski, one when he is older and the other when he is younger. The older Jacob Jankowski, 90 or 93 years old, relates his experiences with the ‘Benzini Brothers Circus’, back in 1931, to Charlie, a present day Circus manager. The younger Jacob is a 23-year-old young man who must leaves his studies, as a Cornell University veterinary student, after losing both of his parents in a car accident. Out of desperation and grief over his loss he jumps onto a train that happens to house the ‘Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth’, thus beginning his involvement with the circus. After his involvement in the circus Jacob starts to fall in love with Marlena who is married to the circus head animal trainer, August. Character #2 Name: Marlena Rosenbluth Role in the Novel: Marlena is married to August who is the head animal trainer for the ‘Benzini Brothers Circus’ and is also the star performer in the circus shows. Description: Marlena is the star performer of the Benzini Brothers circus. She married August Rosenbluth, against her parents’ wishes, and ran off with him to join the circus. Marlena endures her husband’s unusual behavior, which is not always the most pleasing in any way but eventually finds comfort with Jacob after they form a bond with Rosie the circus’ new elephant. Character #3 Name: August Rosenbluth Description: August is Marlena’s husband and the head animal trainer. He is alternately charming and brutal, both to the humans and animals aboard the Benzini Brothers train. Later in the book, it is explained that he is a paranoid schizophrenic. Themes and motifs: The book, Water for Elephants, has a symbolic study of human need for love and acceptance. The primary symbols are revealed through unique characters that struggle to feed deep internal desires. Rosie, the elephant, is a big and powerful symbol. More than just being a performing animal, Rosie reflects the desperation of so many Americans during the Great depression. Being in the hands of August, Rosie lives a passionless life. When she reaches for more, drinking the sweet circus lemonade that she craves rather than the water that she requires for sustenance, she is beaten into submission. August’s cruel message is clear that the circus is no place for independent passions. Symbols: Water – A symbol of purification, which is portrayed many times. Before Jacob jumps on the train the book states: When I first submerged my feet into frigid water, they hurt so badly I yanked them out again. I persisted, dunking them for longer and longer periods, until the cold finally blistered. † ?Train tracks – Are a symbol of choosing one's direction in life. For instance, the book states: â€Å"This is so odd†¦ I'm running beside a moving train in the middle of nowhere†. Their Society and Culture: In Wa ter for Elephants, the society and culture is pretty much exactly how it was in the 30’s. Because it was the time of the Great Depression, people did everything they could to make their lives happy. Book Review: I personally loved everything about this book! Other readers may find themselves churning through this book at a quick pace, eager to see what lies ahead, and then slowing down as they realize the book is coming to and end. Or at least that’s what I was doing. Water for Elephants is a book that can be read over and over again, recommended and handed off between friends; it begs to be discussed and mulled over. With lines of startling beauty, haunting and graphic scenes and finely drawn characters that dance off the page, readers can dip in and out of the novel, immersing themselves in Jacob's memories. The book is a beautifully written and extensively researched story, and is often surprising and funny. I highly recommend Water for Elephants if you’re looking for an enchanting story with adventures that place the reader alongside Jacob and his wild transfer into adulthood. Definitely a must read! Summary of the Novel: Water for Elephants, written by Sara Gruen, tells the story of a man named Jacob Jankowski, who leaves his life as a Cornell University veterinary student after losing both his parents in a car accident, and jumps onto a train that happens to house the Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth. After a short confrontation with Blackie, a bouncer that stops stowaways, and Camel, a limp old worker, promising him a job and an audience with Uncle, the ringmaster, Jacob decides to stay aboard the train. Since his parents have died in an automobile accident, and he has not a home to call his own, he decides to remain with the circus. Jacob is employed as the show’s veterinarian and he faces a number of challenges in dealing with the head trainer, August, while also learning how to function in the hierarchy of the circus and falling in love with August's wife, Marlena. Jacob Jankowski, a ninety year-old man who lives in a nursing home, tells the story as a series of memories. As the memories begin, Jacob Jankowski is twenty-three years old and preparing for his final exams as a Cornell University veterinary student when he receives the news that his parents were killed in a car accident. Jacob’s father was a veterinarian and Jacob had planned to join his practice. When Jacob learns that his father was deeply in debt because he had been treating animals for free as well as mortgaging the family home to provide Jacob an Ivy League education, he has a breakdown and leaves school just short of graduation. In the dark of night, he jumps on a train only to learn it is a circus train. When the owner of the circus, Uncle Al, learns of his training as a vet, he is hired to care for the circus animals. The head trainer, August, is a brutal man who abuses the animals in his care as well as the people around him. Alternately, he can be utterly charming. Jacob develops a guarded relationship with August and his wife, Marlena, with whom Jacob falls in love. August is suspicious of their relationship and beats Marlena and Jacob. Marlena subsequently leaves August, which is the precipitating event leading to the ultimate demise of the Benzini Brothers circus. As the story climaxes, several circus workers who were red lighted off the train come back and release the animals causing a stampede during the performance. In the ensuing panic, August is killed. As a result of this incident, which occurred during a circus performance, the circus is shut down. Marlena and Jacob leave, along with several circus animals, and begin their life together.

Mr Guan

Report Report Due: pm Friday 23rd August, Week 4. Hand in report electronically vie e-learning. Time to complete: This assessment task should take the average student 10-15 hours to complete, Including research time. Late Penalty: As for all other assessment tasks for this course, late penalties are 20% of the maximum possible mark per day or part thereof.Time of submission Is logged via e-learning, note that the e-learning time may not be the same as your watch/phone/computer timely Weekends and public holidays are not included . Plagiarism: You must include a plagiarism compliance statement. Reports may be checked for plagiarism with an online system, please correctly use quotes from sources and reference them correctly as per the author/ date or numbered system. Refer to the library weapon for guidance on referencing and plagiarism.Any report found to have been plagiarisms will be processed as per the University plagiarism policy. Task Description: Written case study report (20% of course total assessment). Present a written technical (In report format as per lecture one guidelines) case study focusing on a major workplace safety incident that occurred (anywhere In the world). The emphasis and purpose of the report Is to; research, describe and discuss the Incident primarily In relation to the Safety Systems related to the event. Ђ Describe the Incident/event and possible causes of the event (including causes related to the management/operation of safety systems) Relate the incident/event to any failures in safety systems (including managerial) that were present Discuss what preventative measures could/should have been taken What changes would you suggest be made to limit the possibility of repeat event occurring? How would you review the effectiveness of your proposed changes?Word Limit: This Report should be approximately 2000-3000 words in length (not including the title page, summary, table of contents, references or appendices). Writing concise yet Informative reports Is an Important part of being a Professional Engineer. The ability to accurately convey Information In a concise, relevant and effective manner is a key skill that you should endeavourer to develop. Reports containing more than 3250 or fewer than 1750 words will result in mark penalties of 0% of the possible mark for every 250 words under/ over the limit.Grade Descriptors A+ A ABA+ B BIO 95 90 85 80 75 High Distinction 85% – 100% As for the criteria for ‘Distinction', however the work also shows a high degree of professionalism. The report structure is excellent and provides a convincing discussion/argument of the topic. There is good evidence of in depth, critical discussion of the topic. Report has excellent grammar, spelling and Is of a concise nature. The work shows a good appreciation of the general alma/purpose of the topic. There Is good coverage of the topic with relevant and accurate support ND a well developed scholarly discussion/argument .Grammar and spelling are very good and report is reasonably concise. The work is relevant and addresses several reasonable amount of the content and a scholarly discussion/argument has been advanced. There is limited evidence of an overall integrative view of the topic. Grammar, spelling and conciseness are lacking. The information in the various aspects of the work is relevant and accurate but is not integrated and only covers some core aspects of the topic. There is an attempt at a scholarly discussion/ argument and the work indicates a limited understanding of the topic.

Operation Of Electrical Equipment In Hazardous Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Based on my research up to day of the month I came to the decision that risky countries is a large subject to cover and after a series of meetings with my supervisor Mr. Jerry Duggan I have decided to concentrate preponderantly on â€Å" Dust Explosion † a subject which has ne'er been covered before by an electrical technology pupil in Cork Institute of Technology. By finishing this undertaking my purpose is that it will function as an educational tool in our progressive environment for me and for future readers. I hope to larn many things from this undertaking that will profit me in the hereafter and in my calling. I intend to analyze all the of import facets of dust detonation, by reexamining bing literature on the topic, hunt of appropriate web sites and by a possible site visit to a chemical works near me.1 Introduction:In Electrical technology, a risky location is defined as a topographic point where concentrations of flammable gases, bluess, or dusts may happen. Electrical equipment that must be installed in such locations is particularly designed and tested to guarantee it does non get down an detonation, due to curving contacts or high surface temperature of equipment. For illustration a family light switch may breathe a little, harmless seeable flicker when shift ; in an ordinary ambiance this discharge is if no concern, but if a flammable vapor was present, the discharge might get down an detonation. Electrical equipment intended for usage in a chemical mill or refinery is designed non to bring forth any flickers, or else to safely incorporate the discharge and do certain it can non light any explosive gases, bluess or dusts that might be present around the equipment. Many schemes exist for safety in electrical installings. The simplest scheme is to minimise the sum of electrical equipment installed in a risky country, either by maintaining the equipment out of the country wholly or by doing the country less risky by procedure betterments or airing with clean air. Intrinsic safety is a pattern where setup is designed with low power degrees and low stored energy, so that a mistake is improbable to put off an detonation. Equipment enclosures can be pressurized with clean air, and interlocked so that the equipment is disconnected if the air supply fails or arc-producing elements of the equipment can be isolated from the environing atmosphere by encapsulation, submergence in oil, sand, or by hardy enclosures that prevent extension of an internal detonation to the environing ambiance. As in most Fieldss of electro engineering, different states have approached the standardisation and testing of equipment for risky countries in different ways. As universe trade becomes more of import in distribution of electrical merchandises, international criterions are easy meeting so that a wider scope of acceptable techniques can be approved by national regulative bureaus. Standards regulating electrical equipment for usage in risky dust countries are altering so quickly that purchasers and users of electrical production equipment are happening it hard to maintain up. However, A by non maintaining abreast of the alterations, they run the hazard of a dust detonation happening in their works due to inadequately protected equipment and/or being prosecuted forA non-compliance or carelessness. The hazard of a dust or pulverization detonation happening in a fabrication works should non be underestimated. Around 2,000 dust detonations occur in Europe every twelvemonth, impacting all types of companies, including makers of sugar, coal, chocolate, flour-based goods, milk pulverization, tea, grain, fresh fish and baccy, every bit good as wood and metal processing companies. Any environment in which dust or pulverization is allowed to garner on hot surfaces or that could be ignited by a flicker from electrical equipment is a possible hazard. The cost, in footings of lives lost and harm to works, as a consequence of a dust detonation can be tremendous.2 Dust Explosion:Definition: Dust detonations occur when all right atoms dispersed in the air as a cloud react with O in the presence of an ignition beginning, bring forthing an detonation concatenation reaction. When this occurs in a changeless volume, there is a rapid and important addition in force per unit area. Prevention steps must be the first line of defense mechanism against such detonations, but in many state of affairss efforts to extinguish ignition beginnings are merely non plenty. Measures for extenuating the harm caused and the dangers posed to workers by eventual detonations are necessary. To assist vouch the safety of silo installings, companies in Europe are required to follow with the ATEX Directives sing explosive ambiances ( [ ATEX 1999/92/EC, 1999 ] and [ ATEX 94/9/EC, 1994 ] ) by put ining protection mechanisms.3 What is a dust detonation?Explosions are defined as sudden reactions affecting a rapid physical or chemical oxidization reaction, or disintegrate bring forthing an addition in temperature or force per unit area, or both at the same time. When the fire velocity is greater than the velocity of sound, we call it a explosion. Otherwise the detonation is known as a deflagration. Typically, dust detonations are comparatively slow burning procedures. If ignition occurs i n a dust cloud in an unfastened country, so small or no overpressure consequences and the primary jeopardy is a bolide. The best manner to acquire informations refering a specific type of dust is to make proving on the existent substance. Most written proficient resources on dust detonations have informations for the minimal explosive concentrations and other belongingss of common pulverizations.4 European Laws:In July 2006 a 2nd ATEX directive became compulsory European Standard EN 14491, 2006 EN 14491 for dust detonation venting protective systems and CEN ( 2006 ) .EN 14491 ( 2006 ) for the discharge of dust detonations came into force in 2006 and depict the basic design demands for dust detonation venting systems. This criterion is one of a series including criterions EN 14797 ( 2006 ) and EN 14460 ( 2006 ) on blowhole industry and detonation immune constructions. Together, these three criterions wholly cover dust detonation venting ordinances in Europe.5 Conditionss for dust det onation:As we all know detonation can merely happen, when three factors come together: 1. Flammable stuff ( in burnable measures ) 2. Oxygen ( in the air ) 3. Ignition beginning Fig.1 An detonation can merely happen, when these three factors come together Once the reaction is ignited, depending on how the exothermal energy is liberated, the consequences can be a controlled burning, fire moving ridge or detonation. All the protection methodological analysiss are seeking to extinguish one or more of the trigon constituents to cut down the hazard of lighting an detonation to an acceptable degree. To obtain an acceptable degree of hazard at least two independent events must be present, each one of low chance, before a possible detonation can happen. There are besides five necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen: a dust has to be combustible the dust is suspended in the air at a high concentration there is an oxidizer ( typically atmospheric O ) the dust is confined there is an ignition beginning Fig.2 Necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen The add-on of the two elements scattering and parturiency to the trigon ( see fig.1 ) creates what is known as the â€Å" detonation Pentagon † ( see fig. 2 ) . An initial primary detonation ( see fig. 3 ) in treating equipment or in an country were fleeting dust has accumulated may agitate free more accrued dust or damage a containment system such as a canal, vas or aggregator. As a consequence, if ignited, the extra dust dispersed into the air may do one or more secondary detonations ( see fig. 3 ) . These can be far more destructive than a primary detonation due to increased measure and concentration of spread combustible dust. Fig. 3 Primary and secondary dust detonations If one of the elements of the detonation Pentagon is losing, a ruinous detonation can non happen. Two of the elements in the detonation Pentagon are hard to extinguish: O ( within air ) , and parturiency of the dust cloud ( within procedures or edifices ) . However, the other three elements of the Pentagon can be controlled to a important extent, and will be discussed farther in this papers.6 Facility Dust Hazard Appraisal:As I have mentioned above a combustible dust detonation jeopardy may be in a assortment of industries, including: nutrient ( e.g. , confect, amylum, flour, provender ) , plastics, wood, gum elastic, furniture, fabrics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, coal, metals ( e.g. , aluminum, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Zn ) , and fossil fuel power coevals. The huge bulk of natural and man-made organic stuffs, every bit good as some metals, can organize combustible dust. The European`s Industrial Fire Hazards Handbook provinces that â€Å" any industrial procedure that reduces a combustible stuff and some usually non-combustible stuffs to a finely divided province nowadayss a possible for a serious fire or detonation. † 7 Facility Analysis Components: Facilities should carefully place the followers in order to measure their possible for dust detonations: Materials that can be combustible when finely divided ; Procedures which use, consume, or produce combustible dusts ; Open countries where combustible dusts may construct up ; Hidden countries where combustible dusts may roll up ; Meanss by which dust may be dispersed in the air ; and Potential ignition beginnings.8 Beginnings of ignition:There are many beginnings of ignition and a bare fire need non be the lone one, a study shows that half of the dust detonations in Europe were from non-flame beginnings. Beginnings include fire hot surfaces clash curving from machinery or other equipment illuming work stoppages cutting and welding fires mechanical machinery As I mentioned earlier at the start of the study a differentiation is made between primary and secondary dust detonations. When a dust is found in a container, room or system component ignites and explodes we speak of a primary dust detonation. In a secondary dust detonation, dust that has settled on the land or on other surfaces is stirred by the primary detonation and ignites. As a consequence of this a concatenation reaction follows and the force per unit area wave emanating from the secondary dust detonation can stir up farther dust sedimentations and do farther dust detonations.9 Example of Historic Incidents:The undermentioned incident is an incident that marked the universe, in February 2008, a ruinous dust detonation occurred at the Imperial Sugar Refinery in Port Wentworth, USA. The dust detonation killed 13 people and injured many more. The undermentioned images below show the amendss of the refinery after the catastrophe ;10 Measuring the hazard:Identifying risky or non-hazardous countries should be carried out in a systematic manner. Risk appraisal should be used to find if risky countries exist and to so delegate zones to those countries. The appraisal should see such affairs as: the risky belongingss of the unsafe substances involved ; the sum of unsafe substances involved ; the work processes, and their interactions, including any cleansing, fix or care activities that will be carried out ; the temperatures and force per unit areas at which the unsafe substances will be handled ; the containment system and controls provided to forestall liquids, gases, bluess or dusts get awaying into the general ambiance of the workplace ; any explosive ambiance formed within an enclosed works or storage vas ; and, any steps provided to guarantee that any explosive ambiance does non prevail for an drawn-out clip, e.g. airing. Taken together these factors are the get downing point for risky country categorization, and should let for the designation of any zoned countries. The undermentioned paragraphs give farther information on what to see during an appraisal.11 The risky belongingss of unsafe substances:The belongingss of a unsafe substance that need to be known include the boiling point and brassy point of any flammable liquid, and whether any flammable gas or vapor that may be evolved is lighter or heavier than air. For dusts, information on atom size and denseness will be needed, one time it has been shown that a peculiar dust can organize an explosive ambiance. Often, relevant information is contained on a safety informations sheet provided with the merchandise.12 The size of possible releases:Some possible beginnings of release may be so little that there is no demand to stipulate a risky country. This will be the instance if the effect of an ignition following a release is improbable to do danger t o people in the locality. However, in the incorrect fortunes ignition of rather little measures of flammable gas/vapour assorted with air can do danger to anyone in the immediate locality. Where this is the instance, as in a comparatively confined location, from which rapid flight would be hard, country categorization may be needed even where rather little measures of unsafe substance are present. The size of any possible explosive ambiance is, in portion, related to the sum of unsafe substances present. Industry specific codifications have been published by a assortment of organisations to supply counsel on the measures of assorted unsafe substances that should be stored. For illustration,13 Temperatures and force per unit areas:Extra information associating to the procedure that involve the unsafe substances should besides be taken into history, including the temperatures and force per unit areas used in the procedure, as this will act upon the nature and extent of any release, and the extent of any subsequent risky countries. Some substances do non organize explosive ambiances unless they are heated, and some liquids if released under force per unit area will organize a all right mist that can detonate even if there is deficient vapor.14 Ventilation:Ventilation, either natural, or automatically ( e.g. produced by fans ) , can both dilute beginnings of release, and take unsa fe substances from an enclosed country. As a consequence there is a close nexus between the airing at any given location and the categorization and extent of a zone around a possible beginning of release. Well designed airing may forestall the demand for any zoned country, or cut down it so it has a negligible extent.15 Extent of risky countries:The appraisal needs to place countries within a workplace that are connected to topographic points where an explosive ambiance may happen. This will supply information on any countries off from the beginning of the jeopardy to which an explosive ambiance may distribute, for illustration through canals. Such countries should be included in the categorization system for topographic points where explosive ambiances may happen. An attack to measuring this hazard is described in BS EN 60079/10. A technique for forestalling this hazard is described in BS EN 50016, on pressurisation of enclosures or suites incorporating electrical equipment.16 Othe r considerations:When sing the potency for explosive ambiances, it is of import to see all unsafe substances that may be present at the workplace, including waste merchandises, residues, stuffs used for cleansing or care, and any used merely as a fuel. Besides some combinations of unsafe substances may respond together, organizing an ignition beginning, or in combination may organize an explosive ambiance, where singly this does non happen. Some perennial activities such as refuelling autos, or lading and droping oilers intended for usage on the public roads, involve the debut of possible beginnings of ignition into an country where a spill is possible, and which would run into the description of a risky country. In these fortunes, safety can be achieved by insulating power beginnings ( e.g. turning off engines, etc ) while a transportation is taking topographic point, and doing suited cheques before and after a transportation, before traveling a vehicle into or out of a risky country. Activities, such as care, may incur hazards non covered by the normal country categorization of the country where the activity is taking topographic point, for case the debut of beginnings of ignition into a risky country. Sometimes the unsafe substance can be removed before the care work activity starts. Sometimes, particular control steps can be taken to forestall the release of any unsafe substance during the work. In such instances the extra hazards associated with the activity should be assessed before work starts.17 Relationship between fires and detonations:In many instances where an explosive ambiance can organize, any ignition will do a fire instead than an detonation. Both fire and detonation cause dangers to workers, and in many instances the safeguards required to forestall an ignition are the same. The overall bundle of safeguards required will depend on the possible effects of a fire or detonation. Many factors influence the hazards from a fire affecting unsafe substances. In peculiar, employers should see whether a fire could take to an detonation, how fast a fire might turn, what other stuffs might be quickly involved, any dangers from fume and toxic gases given off, and whether those in the locality would be able to get away.18 Classifying risky countries into zones:Once an country has been identified as risky it should be classified into zones based on the frequence and continuity of the potentially explosive ambiance. This so determines the controls needed on possible beginnings of ignition that may be present or happen in that country. These controls apply peculiarly to the choice of fixed equipment that can make an ignition hazard ; but the same rules may be extended to command the usage of nomadic equipment and other beginnings of ignition that may be introduced into the country ( for illustration, lucifers and igniters ) and the hazards from electrostatic discharges. An international criterion, BS EN 60079/10, explains the basic rules of country categorization for gases and bluess, and its equivalent for dusts was published in 2002 as BS EN 61241/3. These criterions form a suited footing for measuring the extent and type of zone, and can be used as a usher to following with the demands in DSEAR. However, they can non give the extent and type of zone in any peculiar instance, as site-specific factors should ever be taken into history. Industry specific codifications have besides been published by assorted administrations and, provided they are applied suitably, they are valuable in promoting a consistent reading of the demands. Area categorization surveies normally take the signifier of drawings placing the risky countries and zones. Additional text gives information about the unsafe substances that will be present, the work activities that have been considered, and other premises made by the survey. Whenever such drawings and paperss have been produced, they should be included in the hazard appraisal record required by DSEAR. These paperss should be considered whenever new equipment is to be introduced into a zoned country. Hazardous topographic points are classified in footings of zones on the footing of the frequence and continuance of the happening of an explosive ambiance.Gass, bluess and mistsFor gases, bluess and mists the zone categorizations are: Zone 0 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is present continuously or for long periods or often. Zone 1 – can be described as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is likely to happen in normal operation on occasion. Zone 2 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is non likely to happen in normal operation but, if it does happen, will prevail for a short period merely.DustsFor dusts the zone categorizations are: Zone 20 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is present continuously, or for long periods or often. Zone 21- can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is likely to happen in normal operation on occasion. Zone 22 -can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is non likely to happen in normal operation but, if it does happen, will prevail for a short period merely.19 Equipment in risky countries:Particular safeguards need to be taken in risky countries to forestall equipment from being a beginning of ignition. In state of affairss where an explosive ambiance has a high likeliness of happening, trust is placed on utilizing equipment with a low chance of making a beginning of ignition. Where the likeliness of an explosive ambiance happening is reduced, equipment constructed to a less strict criterion may be used. Equipment is categorised ( 1, 2 or 3 ) depending on the degree of zone where it is intended to be used. A figure of ways of building equipment to forestall ignition hazards have been published as consonant European Standards, and in some instances, extra demands are set out in the Standards associat ing to installing and usage. The risky country zone categorization and corresponding equipment classs are: Zone 0 or zone 20 – class 1 equipment Zone 1 or zone 21 – class 2 equipment Zone 2 or zone 22 – class 3 equipment20 Marking of equipment:A standardized marker strategy is applied to place equipment suited for a specific location. Equipment built will transport the detonation protection symbol â€Å" Ex † in a hexagon, the equipment class figure ( 1, 2, or 3 ) , the missive G and/or D depending on whether it is intended for usage in gas or dust ambiances, and other indispensable safety information. In many instances this will include a temperature evaluation expressed as a â€Å" T † marker, and sometimes a gas group. These indicate restrictions to safe usage. Employers and those installing equipment should see the marker and certification provided with â€Å" Ex † equipment when it is being installed. All ATEX equipment will be required to transport three Markss. The CE grade The ATEX grade The Certification Code Additionally, it must be marked decipherably with the following minimal specifics: Name and reference of maker Appellation of series/type/model Consecutive figure Year of industryThe CE Mark:All ATEX equipment must transport CE grade ; the minimal tallness is 5mm. The CE grade confirms conformity with all the comparative Directives.The ATEX Mark:The ATEX grade ( EU Explosive Atmosphere symbol ) is a bluish hexagon incorporating the conventionalized letters ExThe Certification Code:All equipment points are required to transport the Certification Code as portion of their designation label.Log Table:Date 9/11/2009 I met up Mr. Jerry Duggan and discussed the importance of this undertaking and what country of jeopardies am I interested in to cover my undertaking. Date 11/11/2009 In my ain clip I got to seek the webs and happen out what is a dust detonation and what universe and European Torahs are out at that place to forestall these detonation from go oning and if they do go on due to unknown fortunes, how to carry on an detonation appraisal. Date 14/11/2009 I did some book research and reading from what was available in the library and what Mr. Jerry Duggan gave me and go really familiar with the factors that can take to an detonation. The book entitled â€Å" Electrical Apparatus and Hazardous Areas † became really ready to hand to understand the different zones for gas and blues, and dust jeopardies. Date 17/11/2009 After farther research in jeopardies I have decided to concentrate merely on one country preponderantly â€Å" dust detonation † . The meeting helped me understand how to near this country, which non many people know excessively much about. Date 19/11/2009 While making some internet research I came across a papers saying that half of the dust detonations go oning in Europe were from non-flammable beginnings. The beginnings that could take to an ignition were stated and an incident illustration was given. Date 21/11/2009 As a consequence of including an illustration of dust detonation that took topographic point in the USA, I wanted to show a hazard appraisal in order to find if risky countries exist in an enclosed country and so to delegate zones to those countries. Date 23/11/2009 I showed Mr. Jerry Duggan my up to day of the month research on dust detonation and advised me to seek and acquire a site visit which will profit me better on my stage research and the completion of the study. Date 24/11/2009 On this twenty-four hours I researched how would ventilation either of course or automatically ( produced by fans ) can both seek and extinguish beginnings of release and most of import take the unsafe substances from an enclosed country. Date 27/11/2009 Leaving unprecedented work unfinished from the day of the month of 14/11/2009 I wanted to lucubrate more on the designation of a hazard topographic point and the categorization into zones. Research had to be done to happen a definition on the zones categorization for dust. Date 30/11/2009 After farther desk research I met up once more and discussed the layout of my concluding twelvemonth presentation and a day of the month was set on the 10/12/2009 along with my assessor.Table of figures:The undermentioned figures are listed below as they appear in the study: Figure 1: An detonation can merely happen, when one of this factors come together Figure 2: Necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen Figure 3: Primary and secondary dust detonationsBooks:Electrical Apparatus and Hazardous Areas/Fifth Edition by Robin Garside Electrical Installation in Hazardous Areas by Alan McMillan Introduction to Intrinsic SafetyLinks & A ; Mentions:HBIRDPRO- # 692251-HOT Work HBIRDPRO- # 570000-Safety Signs HBIRDPRO- # 562514-Welding Thymine: TemplatesOH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyPTW Hot Work Control Guide.dot Thymine: TemplatesOH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyATW Hot Work Control Guide.dot OH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyHazardous Area Check Sheet Equipment In Combustibles Dust Areas www.encoderonline.com/UK/Data-Sheets/Incremental/Data-14.htmDocuments:Corporate Standard Hazardous Areas Handbook for risky country solution No. 14 – AB – Iraqi national congress A cosmopolitan attack for hazardous-area categorizations A usher to European ( EEC ) enfranchisement for electrical equipment in risky countries DOE Handbook Electrical Safety 1998Web sites:www.rowanhouse.co.uk www.stackmasula.com.au www.intrinsicallysafe.com www.stahl.de